Best Practices in Managing the Human Factors of HR Management Literature Review Essay

Human Resource Management is one of the most significant functions in an enterprise. However, there are different factors that are impacting on HRM. Human Factors has its origins in the Industrial Revolution and emerged as a full-fledged discipline during World War II. It was recognized that aircraft cockpit design needed to consider the human interface for controls and displays. Design Engineers were focused on the technology while Industrial Psychologists worked to optimize the interface. In some cases, Human Factors design can affect bottom-line profitability or can be a life and death matter, e. g. , you don’t want to push the wrong button or mistake meters for kilometers in a spacecraft. Companies came to realize that a products success is dependent upon good Human Factors design. Human Factors are very important for the successful operation of the company. The term â€Å"human factors† is to a large extent synonymous with the term â€Å"ergonomics† Human Factors Integration Research with Defense Technology Center is Human Factors Integration is the process adopted by a number of key industries (notably defense like United Defense and hazardous industries like oil & gas like Shell) in Europe to integrate human factors elements into the systems engineering process. Although each industry has a slightly different domain the underlying approach is the same. HFI undertakes this by conducting a formal process that identifies and reconciles human related issues. These issues are split for convenience into domains. Manpower – The number of military and civilian personnel required and potentially available to operate, maintain, sustain and provide training for systems Page 2 Personnel – The cognitive and physical capabilities required to be able to train for, operate, maintain and sustain systems. Training – The instruction or education, and on-the-job or unit training required to provide personnel their essential job skills, knowledge, values and attributes. Human Factors Engineering – The integration of human characteristics into system definition, design, development, and evaluation to optimize human-machine performance under operational conditions. Health Hazard Assessment – Short or long term hazards to health occurring as a result of normal operation of the system. System Safety – Safety risks occurring when the system is functioning in an abnormal manner. Strengths: Indentifying the Problem, Evaluation and solving issues Weakness: Psychological Human Factors are not treated. Motorola’s Human Factors Engineering One of the best Practice in Managing Human Resource is HFE, Firstly implemented by Motorola, USA in 1984 is considered as the best for employees. In Research with HFE, Motorola is commonly thought of as how companies design tasks and work areas to maximize the efficiency and quality of their employees work. However, Motorola HFE comes into everything which involves people. Work systems, sports and leisure, health and safety should all embody Human Factors principles if well designed. Strengths: Employee Determination at work, Safety & Health and Low Stress methods. Weakness: More importance to Leisure time and found some Low Production. Page 3 Encourage Employee Development Growth of a company is closely linked to employee development within the organization where each employee plays a vital role in the success of the company. Employee growth has direct and indirect benefits. More knowledgeable, skilled and capable employees directly impact your company’s ability to satisfy customers, resolve problems and crises, and adapt to changing market conditions. Paying for an employee’s continuing professional education, for example, can help your company gain expertise in new technologies and markets, which can save you money in the long run. This type of practice is found in Coco Cola, where are often send to Trainings on different process. Strengths: Motivational to Employee and Long Retention periods. Weakness: Cost effective and Time Taking Process. Work Life Balance The term â€Å"work life balance† was coined in 1986 in response to the rising trend Human Factors in Development of the Company. The employee Psychological benefits are taken into consideration with many instructions like Stay positive, stay in control, Stay healthy, Divide and de-clutter, Keep stress under control and other safety measures. This helps the companies to maintain good relations with the employees and make them as the best factor of production. In Research with General Electric which follows Work Life Balance as a practice to develop Human Factors. Strengths: High Production Facility, Long Retention and Safe Employee and Company Relations. Weakness: Only limited to Companies with Large Scale of Production Facilities. Page 4 Corporate Mentoring Programs Corporate Mentoring Programs are like teaching classes where employees are motivated to the work and work environment, making employee coordinated towards work. Therefore, companies have started to place greater emphasis on personal attributes while selecting and developing staff. This brings a number of benefits to the business, not the least of which is a cohesive team. On going development of employee potential is critical for business success. Corporate mentoring programs are effective in quickly ramping up employee performance because they facilitate the transfer of business knowledge in a way that is not quite possible in regular training. Strengths: Every Effective Approach in Developing Human Factors, Human Psychological Advantage and Growth Oriented. Weakness: Very Systematic Approach. Metrics to Evaluate the Practices Human Factors Integration (HFI) implemented by Defense sectors is only related to Large Scale industries although it has all the factors of Human Factors. Key Performance Indicator of Human Factor Integration(HFI) is the Objective oriented and Specific Tasking. Motorola’s Human Factors Engineering is also related to tasking and other relations, not dealing with the Psychological factors of the Employees. Encourage Employee Development is training method to make them work in stress and problems, No personal and physical importance is not given to the employees. During this Research we found that the best Practice that develops the Human Factors in the company is Corporate Mentoring Programs, where the employees are motivated on the work and provide various benefits including safety and stress free work Page 5 environment. Research with Minnesota University, I found that more than 80% of the companies in United States uses this Corporate Mentoring Programs. References †¢ Creating a Mentoring Culture: The Organization’s Guide, 2007 †¢ A Strategic Approach To Corporate Mentoring Programs, CEO World Magazine, 2006 †¢ Human Factors & Methods – Robert Stanley – Edition 2, 2006 †¢ Ergonomics Society, UK †¢ Human Resource Management Programs at Human Factors and Ergonomics Society †¢ Research Center for Work Safety and Human Engineering, Technion, Israel. †¢ Motorola HR Practices, www. motorola. com

Short & Long Term Career Goals

Education has always been an important aspect of my life. Although there have been trials and tribulations I have surmounted them. My story is not one of a privileged life not wanting or wishing for anything. Instead it is a dream, a dream to be able to fulfill what is my destiny. On December 14, 2005 I will have my associate's degree; it has been a long time coming, and it is finally here. I have managed to maintain full time work to support myself and my family while attending to school to accomplish one of my life long dreams. By attending Drexel this would not only afford me the opportunity to continue my dream of furthering my education but it will also allow me to advance in my industry. My short term career goals include furthering my education in business administration; Drexel will allow me to do that. Long term Drexel will give the tools, confidence, and background necessary to advance even further in my career goals. Business has been my passion for a number of years, Drexel will allow me to have more of a hand on approach, and it will allow me to be even more of a key player in the business industry. Over time my goals continue to grow and advance, Drexel will allow me to make my current goals a reality and work toward my future goals and the ones that I will create in the future. The main way that Drexel would help me with my current and future goals is through affording me a great education, with a wonder staff and plentiful resources as my disposal. These tools are priceless, and impossible to truly measure. All I can say is that it is my beliefs that Drexel is the best place for me to continue my education. Through researching the school and the programs that are offered through Drexel, I believe that the business program best suits my life style. The program allows flexibility which is extremely important in my life. My short term career goals include: advancing my knowledge base in the field of business administration, balancing work and family, becoming more confident in my abilities as a degreed professional, learn how to deal more efficiently in my professional life and personal life. Drexel can help me reach these goals by, affording me the opportunity to have a flexible school schedule, by teaching me the necessary tools to needed to become more confident in my personal and professional abilities, giving me a platform to increase my skills in business as well as interpersonal skills necessary to survive in the business world. Long term goals include, advancing into a higher position with my current employer, or possibly starting my own business, becoming a motivator and teacher to others through my knowledge and experience. Drexel can aid me in reaching these long term goals in the same ways that Drexel can help me reach the short term career goals. One is through allowing a platform to gain further education in the field of business. By advancing my knowledge in the field of business, I hope to be able to be an inspiration to others, as well as have the tools necessary to be effective in my endeavors as well as help others obtain their lifelong goals. Drexel University is the perfect fit for me. I know that if I am allowed to become a part of the student body all of my dreams will become realities. There is no where to go but up with a Drexel education. If given the opportunity you will not be disappointed. I give every endeavor 100%! Education is necessary in continuing my goals. My Bachelors is just the beginning, just a single step leading up the stairway of my lifelong dreams. Thank you in advance for considering me for your Bachelors program.

Psychological and social processes in the development of drug addiction Essay

Psychological and social processes in the development of drug addiction Introduction            Drug addiction can be defined as a compulsive need to use drugs in order to function normally. It can also be defined as primary, chronic, neurobiological disease with genetic, psychosocial and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. It is characterized by behaviors that include one of the following: impaired control over the drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite the harm it does on the individual and its craving.            When an individual persists in the use of alcohol or other drugs despite the problems related to use of the substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed. Repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and withdraw symptoms when use is reduced or stopped.            Some of the most important things to know about addiction are that it is fundamentally about compulsive behavior and that such habits originate outside consciousness; from the unconscious mind. It is also important to know that addiction could be heritable meaning that family background and genetics play a big role. Also, people with additions often have psychiatric disorders and that it is characterized by frequent relapse (one should not expect to overcome addiction on the first try.) Another important thing to note is that different psychotherapy all produces similar results (Cohen, 1985, p.98)..            Drugs that cause addiction include both legal and illegal drugs as well as prescription or over the counter drugs. Addictive drugs also include a large number of substrates that are currently considered to have no medical value and are not available over the counter or by prescription. Several theories of drug addiction exist, some of the main ones being genetic predisposition, the self-medication theory, and factors involved with social/economic development. It has long been established that genetic or biological factors along with social and psychological factors are the main contributors of addiction (Bier, 1962, 74). Biological development of drug addiction Substance abuse and genetics            Genetics is one factor in addiction. The development of an addiction is influenced by multiple biological, familial psychological and social cultural factors. In our societies every one has access to drugs and alcohol, some people use them and other people become addicted. However, not all people who use substances will become addicted dependent or even use them regularly. Similar upbringing, environmental factors rate of abuse for a drug and even peer influence still do not mean that people will struggle with drug addiction.            Genetics account up to around half of the reasons for a person becoming addicted. There ire no specific genes for addiction though there are a number of biological and genetic factors that make someone more or less vulnerable to becoming an addict. Genetics are thought to contribute to the development of heavy substance abuse although environmental and social factors are necessary to lead someone into that problem (Barnard, 2007, p.38).            There are no genes or a set of genes that have been identified to directly cause a person to become a drug abuser or engage in drug taking activities. Genes are important in the control of behavior. If a gene is absent, a protein that controls the development or function of a psychological system may not be produced. In certain cases, the impact may be obvious, such as in case of mental retardation or related diseases. In other cases, the impact of genes on behavior may be less obvious but just as important in a person’s development. This is the case when genetic factors produce a tendency or predisposition to respond in a certain manner. Such is believed to be the influence of genes on a number of behavioral traits and disorders, including drugs and alcoholism dependence. Thus, genes are not the sole determinant of alcoholism or substance absence but their presence or absence may increase the likelihood that a person will become alcohol or drug dependent. Genetic predisposition and vulnerability            Genetic predisposition is considered important n development of drug and substance abuse. It is thought that an individual whose parent or grandparent has/had the problem of addiction are more vulnerable to addiction. This does not directly mean that people born in families where substance abuse has been a problem will have the problem but they are more susceptible to developing an addiction. It is also very difficult for them to quit once they get addicted or have more severe withdrawal symptoms.            Vulnerability to substance abuse is also influenced by demographic, environmental, behavioral and personality factors. Poverty, previous sexual abuse, rebelliousness, delinquency, incarceration and peer drug use are also issues that contribute to a person’s vulnerability without which genes have little or no influence on the person whose family has the history of addiction. Susceptibility to addiction            A person does not inherit a substance abuse but inherit susceptibility to it. Those people who are susceptible to addiction may never develop that problem unless they are exposed to the predisposing factors seen above. Note that a person who does not have a genetic factor may develop the problem and pass it on to his future generation. Genetics may have a place in the transition from recreational drugs taking behavior to established pattern of drug abuse. These genetic factors may include personality traits, mental health, psychological reactions to a drug such as the case of severity of hangovers and risk taking behavior.            Genetics may play a role in determining what kind of a drug a person is likely to abuse and which ione he/she cannot although this is also influence by the peer and environmental factors. Parental alcoholism            Parental alcoholism is known to contribute significantly to the risk of the child developing the same condition. This may occur for genetic reasons though it would also be affected by factors such as personality traits, exposure to alcohol and alcoholism lifestyle, peer pressure and mental health (Andrews, 1961, p.25).            For male children, the risk is up to eight times higher than that of female children of alcoholics. Behavior is considered the biggest factor in this development as disinhibiting and thrill-seeking traits are more in boys than in girls.            Alcoholism however, is not simply caused by genetics and no one should take that as an excuse for taking it and developing addiction. Family does not play a big role in influencing a person’s decision to use or not to use alcohol or other substances.            Adopted children have twice the risk if their biological parents were drug abusers. This suggests that for parents who aim to adopt children should research on the heath history of the child incase the child is susceptible so as to take the necessary measures. This will also help the parent in deciding the type of environment to raise the adopted child.            Biological development could also be argued to affect the brain causing long term changes in the anatomy and physiology of the brain’s neurons. Alcohol, methamphetamine, and MDMA (ecstasy) have been shown to be neurotoxic in animal studies. Unlike other cells in the body, neurons in many parts of the brain do not have the capacity to regenerate although recent studies have shown that the adult human brain can generate new neurons in the hippocampus, a part of brain responsible for memory and learning. Alcohol kills neurons in a part of brain that help create new memories (hippocampus and mammillary bodies). If those memories die, the capacity for learning decreases. Methamphetamine is toxic to dopamine containing neurons. MDMA has been shown to damage axon terminals of neurons that produce another neurotransmitter called serotonin. In addition to neurotoxic effects, drugs can significantly alter the activity of the brain. These events could be considered as a biological development of addiction since one the brain cells have been damaged, the person cannot function normally without their presence (Conrad, Martin, & ÄnggaÌŠrd, 1977, p.49). Psychological processes in the development of drug addiction            Drug addiction is behavioral and carries no connotations regarding the drugs potential adverse effects, the social acceptability of drug usage or physiological consequences of chronic drug administration. Although drug addiction is frequently has adverse medical consequences, it is usually associated with strong social disapproval.            Initial drug use can be motivated by a number of factors such as curiosity about the effects of the drug, peer pressure or psychodynamic processes can all provide sufficient motivation for experimental or circumstantial drug use. The development of addiction is thought to involve a simultaneous process of increased focus on and engagement in a particular behavior and the attenuation or shutting down of other behavior. For example, under certain experimental circumstances such as social deprivation and boredom, animals allowed unlimited to self administer certain psychoactive drugs will show such a strong preference that they will forgo food, sleep and sex for continued access. 59499524447500Drug Use 109347025146000899795825500004805045831850031743658318500 Casual drug intensive drug use compulsive drug use Addiction 14560558191500Circumstantial motivational strength motivational toxicity. Drug use            The above diagram represents a continuum of drug use illustrating the progression from casual drug use to addiction. Motivational strength is the determining factor in categorizing drug use. Motivational toxicity has not been considered as a defining characteristic though it may be the most distinguishing feature.            Substance abuse is referred to as psychological dependence by the psychiatrists who are considered as a form of a disease. Another lesser known situation is the pseudo-addiction. A patient with this situation will exhibit drug seeking behavior reminiscent of psychological addiction, but they have a genuine pain or other symptoms that have been undertreated.            Normally, psychological dependency leads to psychological withdrawal symptoms such as craving, irritability, insomnia, depression, anorexia and many others. Addiction in theory can be derived in any rewarding behavior and is believed to be strongly associated with the dopaminergic system of the brains reward system as in the case of cocaine and amphetamines. Some claim that it is a habitual means to avoid undesired activities but typically it is only so to a clinical level in individuals who have emotional, social or psychological dysfunctions replacing normal positive stimuli not otherwise attained.            If a person is physically dependent but not psychologically dependent can have their dose slowly dropped until they are no longer physical dependent. However, if a person is psychologically dependent, there is always the risk of relapse in abuser and subsequent physical dependence. Psychological dependence is not only limited to substances; even activities and behavioral pattern can be considered addictions if they become uncontrollable for example gambling, internet addiction, sexual addiction/pornography addiction, overreacting, self-injury, compulsive buying or work addiction.            Studies have examined factors which moderate substance abuse or dependence. For example there is a significant relationship between psycho-behavioral risk factors such as tolerance to deviance, rebelliousness, achievement, perceived drug risk, familism, family church attendance and other factors and substance abuse and dependence. That relationship is moderated by familism which means the strength of the relationship is increased or decreased based on the level of familism present in a given individual.            There are several factors that are thought to mediate between psycho-behavior and substance abuse. The first factor is risk taking behavior and parental involvement. Studies have shown that children who spend more time with their parents are not likely to get involved with drugs unlike children who get to learn most of the things in life from their friends. Generally people who like taking risks in life are more susceptible in life since they tend to experiment once they become familiar with the substance.            Another example of mediating variable is depression. Depression has been seen to mediate between childhood maltreatment and subsequent substance abuse in adulthood. In other words, childhood physical abuse is associated with increased drug and alcohol in young adulthood. More specifically, depression helps to explain how childhood abuse is related to subsequent drug abuse in young adulthood. A third example of a mediating variable is an increase in externalizing symptoms. In other words, stressful life events are associated with externalizing symptoms such as aggression or hostility which can lead to peer alienation or acceptance by socially defiant peers, which could lead to increased drug use (Gray, 1999, p.75). Management Addiction severity index            Some medical systems including those of at least fifteen states of the United States refer to an Addiction Severity Index to assess the severity of problems related to substance use. The index assesses the problem in six areas: medical, employment/support, alcohol and other drug use, legal, family/social and psychiatric. Detoxification            Early treatment of acute withdrawal often includes medical detoxification which can include doses of anxiolytics or narcotics to reduce the symptoms of withdrawal. An experimental drug, ibogaine is also proposed to treat withdrawal symptoms and craving.            Neural feedback therapy has shown statistically significant improvement in numerous researches conducted on alcoholics as well as mixed substance abuse population. In chronic opiate addiction, a surrogate drug such as methadone is sometimes offered as a form of opiate replacement therapy. However, treatment approaches universal focus of an individual’s ultimate choice to pursue an alternate course of action (Ausubel, 1958, p.76).            Disorders such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. This is seen as a form of psychological development of addiction to drugs.            Drugs such as stimulants cause psychical addiction which could be moderate to severe and withdrawal is purely psychological and psychosomatic. Others such as amphetamine and methamphetamine, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, sedatives and hypnotics also cause psychical addiction which could be mild to severe and physiological addiction; abrupt withdrawal could be fatal.            Some individuals self-medicate themselves with drugs such as alcohol and other drugs to avoid their intolerable states of their minds such as stress which increase the craving for drugs and relapses. Research as shown that people who survive disasters are prone to stress-related            Social development and adjustment factors also play a major role in drug abuse and addiction. An assumption of the developmental perspective is that the course of one’s life is a process in which life circumstances change, milestones are met or missed and new social roles are created while old ones are abandoned. These events and roles happen at some given stages of life although it also depends with the environment in which an individual is brought up in.            Studies of the social factors involved in drug use have mostly focused on either adolescents or young adults but a significant number of cocaine users may not initiate until they are at their middle adulthood. The majority of people enter into adult social roles on schedule. However some people enter into these roles earlier or latter that the same age peers. The developmental perspective predicts that this will lead to less than satisfactory adjustment and possibly negative consequences including drug and alcohol dependence.            Those who use alcohol and recreational drug at an early age are at a greater risk to developing addiction. The younger a person is when they experiment with drugs the more likely they are to become addicts latter on. These experimentations could be brought about by social functions and festivals in our societies especially. When the parents use alcohol and other drugs in such occasions it may be hard to control the children especially at adolescent stage (Bethesda, 2006, p.57).            Those who experience childhood trauma as well as those growing up in an environment where alcohol and other drug abuse is considered normal behavior are at even higher risk of developing addiction both of which are more or less social. For instance childhood trauma could result from tribal wars due to cultural differences in our societies where a child may be sexually and physically abused.            Some people just become victims of social classes and poverty where parents make illicit brews to sell them for a living. In this situation, the child grows up in that environment where brewing, selling and drinking the brews is the order of the day. Some of the parents who sell the drugs especially in Africa use the drugs on their children as sedatives as their do their work. In this situation the child grows up operating under the influence of drugs. This child has a very high risk of developing addiction latter on.            It is also believed that is a person grew up in the environment where his/her self esteem is suppressed are also at a risk of developing addiction. Also those people who find it difficult to manage antisocial behavior tend to ‘hind’ in drugs which may eventually lead to addiction for example gays. Poor parenting where children are exposed to social media at an early age could also be a motivating social factor to use drugs. Children watch movies which suggest that the only way to operate normally is under the influence of drugs. Such a child is likely to experiment. As much as poverty may contribute to the problem of drug use and eventually addiction, availability of money to buy the drugs may also contribute a lot. When a person is especially at an adolescent stage is exposed to the drugs may be by peers, availability of money will be the next factor. Other social factors that may lead to drugs and eventually addiction include: feeling of insecurity i n relationships, attention seekers, those who find delayed gratification and difficult impulsiveness (Washington, 1980, p.39). Addiction as a learned behavior            It is suggested that people may fall into addiction because of learned behavior. This would explain why those who grow up around substance abusers are more likely to become addicts themselves. Learning theory is based on the idea people don’t have to experience every behavior in order to decide whether to adopt it. If it is observed to bring reward and satisfaction to another person, it can be enough to convince another person to copy it. According to this theory, the answer to addiction is to unlearn the maladaptive behavior.            Studies have shown that the addictive power of a drug has been exaggerated and that interest in drugs diminishes in both laboratory rats and people when alternative rein forcers of an enriched environment are offered to the subject. Rather than addiction, poverty and crimes being inevitable consequences of drugs; drugs are more likely to be a consequence of poverty and crime.            Acute or recreational use of most psychoactive drugs causes the release and prolonged action of dopamine and serotonin within the reward circuit.            In conclusion, drug and substance abuse is more of ones choice than the motivating factors that are involved. No one should blame the biology (genes) and other factor s such as life events and the society for his/her involvement with drugs. Everyone should be responsible of choices they make in life considering the damage such that is posed by addiction both socially and economically (Horgan, 2001, p.76). References Andrews, M. F. (1961). Creativity and psychological health;. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. Ausubel, D. P. (1958). Drug addiction: physiological, psychological, and sociological aspects. New York: Random House. Barnard, M. (2007). Drug addiction and families. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Bellenir, K. (1996). Substance abuse sourcebook: basic health-related information about the abuse of legal and illegal substances such as alcohol, tobacco, prescription drugs, marijuana, cocaine, and heroin ; and including facts about substance abuse prevention strategies, intervention methods, treatment and recovery programs, and a section addressing the special problems related to substance abuse during pregnancy. Detroit, MI.: Omnigraphics. Bier, W. C. (1962). Problems in addiction: alcohol and drug addiction,. New York: Fordham University Press. Cohen, S. (1985). The substance abuse problems. New York: Haworth Press. Conrad, H. T., Martin, W. R., & ÄnggaÌŠrd, E. (1977). Drug addiction. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Gossop, M. (2003). Drug addiction and its treatment. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gray, P. (1999). Psychology (3rd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Heyman, G. M. (2009). Addiction: a disorder of choice. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Hollander, B. (2012). Addiction. New York: Rosen Pub.. Horgan, C. M. (2001). Substance abuse: the nation’s number one health problem : key indicators for policy update. Princeton, NJ: The Foundation. Lewis, J. M. (1976). No single thread: psychological health in family systems. New York: Brunner/Mazel. McDougall, W. (1921). An introduction to social psychology, (14th ed.). Boston: J.W. Luce & co.. McGhee, L. K. (2011). Drug addiction. San Diego, CA: ReferencePoint Press. Myers, D. G. (2004). Psychology (7th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Pathways of addiction opportunities in drug abuse research. (1996). Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Self, D. W., & Staley, J. K. (2010). Behavioral neuroscience of drug addiction. Heidelberg: Springer. Singh, J. M., Miller, L. H., & Lal, H. (19721974). Drug addiction. Mount Kisco, N.Y.: Futura Pub. Co.. Sora, J. W. (1997). Substance abuse. New York: H.W. Wilson. Bethesda, Md.: (2006). National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health. Washington, D. (1980). The facts about â€Å"drug abuse†. New York: Free Press. Source document

Project Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Project Plan - Assignment Example Similarly, other team work based units can implement this system to control the team work process. Likewise, Teamworker will help students to do their projects well; because they do not need to utilize a number of different web based platforms (i.e. Facebook, Google Drive, DropBox etc) as a means of accomplishing a given task. Likewise, it promotes the overall efficiency and productivity of each member; as students no longer need to schedule a block of time in which they will all meet at a given geographic location and discuss the progress of their project. Teamworker is a web-based project that teams of up to six students to gain access to a platform that can facilitate the learning process and provide a level of oversight to those educators that seek to monitor it; prior to delivering a final grade. The benefits of such a platform are innumerable; however, perhaps the most important benefit has to do with the fact that the educators finally have a reliable means of measurement with regard to which team members did what and which team members did not pull their own weight for the project at hand. In terms of actual details that the portal requires, these are inclusive of team name/number, attribution of supervisors and/or tutors’ name as well required population of the project title, and finally a short description of the problem that the project seeks to address; in 100 words or less. After signing up, the team will receive an account number and password. Then, they will have access to their team page and update the team information or upload their assignments together with their meeting minutes. Moreover, as students can share their project files online, they can access the files easily and communicate with other members from only one website. A team can only have privileges and permissions to their only team pages; restricting their operations on the site to only their own team’s content. Yet, the tutors and supervisors can

Critical Analysis of a Research Article-Driving Behavior of Licensed Essay

Critical Analysis of a Research Article-Driving Behavior of Licensed and Unlicensed Teeagers - Essay Example The hypothesis in the article on driving behavior of licensed and unlicensed teenagers concerns the undesirable effects of teenage driving. It has been observed that teenagers are involved in a higher number of accidents as compared to other groups of people leading to a high death rate and serious injuries. The study determines the prevalence and the risks and associated factors for unlicensed drivers in their teenage years. The major purpose of the study is for exploratory reasons. This kind of study is a form of social research that is conducted by use of questionnaires and formulation of hypotheses. The current case of study is appropriate for this kind of research as it does not have to endorse its typicality. The students who took part in the research gave details about their race, driver education history, alcohol or substance use and their grades in the previous month. The students also gave information on how often they drove and for what purpose. The students also gave information on the most helpful person in teaching them how to drive and the driver’s education. The school location was also an important variable and it was classified into rural, town, suburban and central city. Students were also expected to report on their driving behaviors and occurrences including number of accidents experienced, number of hours driven weekly, the use of seatbelts and the speeding rate they used according to American Academy of Pediatrics (2010). A national representative school based survey was carried out to establish whether students in their teenage years practiced unlicensed driving, the associated behaviors, the risks they are exposed to and demographic factors. Unlicensed driving is driving when one has no official license or when one is not authorized to do so. American Academy of Pediatrics (20100 explains that the survey was conducted on all school attending students regardless of their

Strategic Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Management - Case Study Example Tim-BR-Marts need to develop a combative strategy and develop it fast. Any company do not have a strong strategy will lose the competition. To start the planning the analysis of the problem is most vital way to solve it. Management Processes: Tim-BR-Marts Ltd has management process, which is a process of planning and controlling the performance or execution of their business. This include: 1. Decision making processes A decision-making arises in Tim-BR-Marts because a manager is faced with a problem and another courses of action are available. So manager do study the following: a. Type of information used in decision making In deciding which option to choose, the information is very important to choose which decision to fallow. Also manager do have information relevant to his decision, and manager must have some principle on the basis of which he can choose the best alternative. Tim-BR-Marts know how many competitors are there in the market? What are the strong properties and what we ak area that they have? 1. Firm overhead Time-BR-Marts managers know overhead which all non-labor expenses require to operating such business. How many stores, electricity bills, and phone bills. All these expenses are knew by the manger. 2. Negotiation prices Negotiating on price became a factor in getting the scene to agree to deals. Tim-BR-Mats have competitive advantage of negotiation price. 3. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This agreement gives good advantage to all component of lumber market. 4. Tim-BR-Marts has defensive strategy Defensive marketing warfare strategies are a type of marketing warfare strategy designed to protect a company's market share, profitability, product positioning, or mind share. Many companies in Tim-BR-Marts territory have attacked Tim-BR-Marts. There is many ways that Tim-BR-Marts to defend their market by principles involved: Always secure an attack with equal or greater force. If Tim-BR-Marts competitor plans to open more stores, Tim-BR should find better places to open new stores. Defend every important market. Be forever vigilant in scanning for potential attackers. Assess the strength of the competitor. Consider the amount of support that the attacker might muster from allies. The best defense is to attack you. Attack your weak spots and rebuild yourself anew. Defensive strategies should be the exclusive domain of the market leader. 5. Market Share Market share analysis is an important part of market analysis and indicates how well Tim-BR-Mart is doing in the marketplace compared to its competitors. b. Decision time frame Competitors are expanding quickly into Canada market. Price negotiated yearly. c. Level of inclusiveness in process autocratic Reduce the stress among managers and employees A more productive group while the leader is watching the growth. 3.Tim-BR-Marts has only two who make the decision. 4. Employees need quick and accurate action instead of obstacles and delays and wait only for two m anagers to make decision. 5. Employees with decision-making permission, save company time and increase client satisfaction. To solve that by 1. Local meetings 2. Business and the mission need of inclusiveness, employees help to achieve the mission, all member of the firm should adapt to the changing. E. Bounded rational model Use the knowledge that they have to the best of their abilities. Define the situation/decision to be made Identify the important

Culture and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Culture and Change - Essay Example A culture is made up of different life experiences that an employee brings with him/herself in a workplace. The whole philosophy of culture becomes especially important to comprehend when an inevitable need to bring or manage an organization-wide change initiates. Thus, it can be said that culture and change are very closely associated in the context of an organizational setup. Mullins (cited in Venance, 2007) claims that those employees who deliberately resist changes in the organizational culture and system can actually cripple the expected performance criteria of that organization, since the importance of change is profoundly necessary in today’s competitive world. Appreciable organizational culture can be seen at Wal-mart which is one of the biggest corporations in the world. Sam Walton, who is the founder of this company and is also called the king of customer service, has redefined the managerial culture which is too conspicuous to be ignored at Wal-mart today. Wal-Mart has been strictly following the religiously derived managerial concept of servant leadership in an attempt to answer the expectations of their employees. (Johnson, 2010). Paying attention to the expectations and demands of the employees has always been considered very important for lining up with the desires of the customers and increasing the productivity level. Also, Wal-mart has always focused on keeping the costs low for winning over the other major companies in the competition. Simple to comprehend and easy-to-relate-to rules are made almost every other month and actions are quickly taken, while respecting the demands of the organizational culture. Basically, the bedrock of the Wal-Mart culture is mainly associated with elements like religion, patriotism, a classless collective identity, modern science, rationality, ecology, relentless struggle, and low costs. The phenomenal culture existing in Wal-mart originates from three fundamental beliefs, which are

Accounting Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Accounting Case Study - Essay Example In order to increase profitability of the business, the company should reduce the cost of salaries and wages (Maher, Stickney, & Weil 139). Also, miscellaneous expenses are too high and thus the manager should establish the cause of such an extreme cost. Furthermore, the CEO can control development cost of producing books by apportioning production cost to the number of books at various stages (Maher, Stickney, & Weil 142). They should differentiate between direct and indirect cost. All the direct costs associated with each unit produced should be added directly at each production stage while the indirect cost incurred at each stage of production in each department should be distributed to respective department (Maher, Stickney, & Weil 158). Apportioning the production cost at different stages will enable the CCP Publishers to establish the actual cost of finished products instead. The estimated profitability of books at the time of signing contract is an estimate of finished goods w hile actual cost may be inclusive of work in progress and unsold stock. The company should determine the factors responsible for high cost and establish measures to reduce the cost. For example, the salaries and wages may have increased due to contracting out of most its activities. The management can decrease the value by offering such services internally instead of contracting out (Maher, Stickney, & Weil

The Life of D. H. Lawrence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Life of D. H. Lawrence - Term Paper Example In fact there are only few subjects which failed to grab the attention of DH Lawrence. Since many of his opinions were against the traditions and existing laws of English social life, he earned many enemies during his life span. In fact he forced to live in exile just like the current literature writers Salman Rushdie and Taslima Nasrin because of the controversial remarks he made against English social life through his literatures. His liberal views about sexual life earned him the reputation or title as a pornographer during the latter stages of his life. In short, DH Lawrence was a misunderstood a person during his life period even though he got wide recognition at present. This paper analyses the life of DH Lawrence and his contributions as a novelist, poet, play writer, essayist, literary critic and painter. â€Å"David Herbert Lawrence was born on September 11, 1885, in Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, central England. He was the fourth child of a struggling coal miner who was a hea vy drinker. His mother was a former schoolteacher† (DH Lawrence). His mother had better education than his father and therefore his father developed some inferiority complex which caused many problems in the family. As his father spent majority of his earnings for drinking, only the mother’s earning were used for the family expenses. However, her earnings were not sufficient enough to meet the living expenses of a big family and therefore DH Lawrence faced poverty during his childhood life. In fact his bitter early childhood experiences made him tougher as he grown up. DH Lawrence was a smart student during his childhood and has completed his school studies with some scholarships. After the completion of school education or matriculation, he failed to get college education because of poverty in his family. He accepted various jobs like clerk, school teacher etc immediately after the completion of his school education in order to support his family. At the age of 25, DH Lawrence lost his mother. In fact, â€Å"he helped her die by giving her an overdose of sleeping medicine† (DH Lawrence). Even though mercy killing is acceptable up to certain extent in the current society, it was not so in the past. Lawrence’s action of assisting his mother die brought many criticisms during that period. The conservative English society was not in a position to accept such activities at that time. DH Lawrence suffered lot of criticisms because of this act and even though his intentions were positive. DH Lawrence started his literature writing even before the death of his mother. In 1909, a number of Lawrence's poems were published by Ford Max Ford in the English Review. The appearance of his first novel, The White Peacock (1911), launched Lawrence into a writing career. In 1912 he met Frieda von Richthofen, the professor Ernest Weekly's wife and fell in love with her. Lawrence's novel Sons and Lovers appeared in 1913 and was based on his childhood. In 1914 Lawrence married Frieda von Richthofen, and traveled with her in several countries. Lawrence's fourth novel, The Rainbow (1915), was about two sisters growing up in the north of England. Lawrence started to write The Lost Girl in Italy. He dropped the novel for some years and rewrote the story in an old Sicilian farmhouse near Taormina in 1920 (DH Lawrence). The beginning of

State of the World Atlas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

State of the World Atlas - Essay Example Today obesity is serious health problem in most countries. â€Å"Who we are† was represented by literacy level. A person’s literacy level and education often determines what they eventually do with their life. â€Å"Health of the planet† part of the atlas was represented by rural population. Countries with huge urban population often are more polluted. From the above data, countries that had a huge urban population were the most affected by obesity. The size of the military was directly proportional to the GDP (PPP) of a country. Countries with higher literacy levels were more likely to tolerate persons of the LGBT community and same sax marriages were legal. From these data, countries that had a huge rural population also had lower literacy levels. Countries that had a huge urban population were more tolerant to the LGBT community. In some instances, such countries even allowed same sex

A History of Labour Day in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A History of Labour Day in Canada - Essay Example On a Sunday evening a century ago this weekend, 14,000 francophone workers gathered on Old Montreal to prepare for Labor Day. Instead of shouting through the streets, they quietly converged in Notre Dame Church, where Paul Bruschesi, then Archbishop of Montreal, urged them to shun strikes and show reverence to their employers. That same day, 2,000 Anglophone workers descended on what later became St. Patrick's Basilica, in the core of modern downtown Montreal, to prepare for the next day's parade. They heard the identical don't-rock-the-boat message as clergy instructed them to put their trust in church arbitrators to resolve disputes over pay, hours and conditions of work and other issues. Now two Toronto historians have crafted an illuminating, sometimes offensive retrospective of how Labor Day has been marked across Canada. With anecdotes like those above, York University history professor Craig Heron and Steve Penfold, an assistant professor of history at the University of Toront o, deliver substantial analysis. They show how the Labor movement has evolved since the 1880s, along with Canadian society as a whole. In many parts of the country, "Labor Day would eventually die out completely as a workers' festival, or limp on as a spiritless exercise in commercialized civic boosterism" Strong words, Stirring prose.In significant ways, the authors conclude, Labor Day in Canada "is the story of a holiday that never really belonged to workers" and has been supplanted by such holidays as May Day and International Women's Day. Their tone is not entirely bitter or sardonic, though. Heron and Penfold linger in loving detail over the floats, costumes, banners and placards that once made Labor Day parades a key event on community calendars. And they illustrate their points with superbly evocative photos. Even readers inclined to disagree with their hard-edged assessments will concede that Heron and Penfold have laid invaluable groundwork in an area that to date has been poorly documented. They note that times have changed. Early in the last century, "no Asian workers from British Columbia's fish-packin g plants and sawmills ever got invitations to join the West Coast marchers. "In fact," they add, "Victoria's tailors carried a banner in 1901 blaming the Chinese for their plight." Heron and Penfold were hampered, while researching the book, by the fact that few records of past Labor Days have survived, beyond newspaper accounts of the day. In typically quiche fashion, they note that an 1898 parade float by Winnipeg tailors lambasted the awarding of a city-council contract for firemen's uniforms to a local sweat shop -- an open display of dissent that was "apparently ignored by the mainstream newspapers." They learned of it from a small workers' newspaper. In this painstakingly researched volume they elaborate how Labor Day parades have had splendid moments in our history. Primarily, the parades were a much sought-after festival aimed at eliciting attention to the role and needs of Labor. They became a very rich art form developed jointly by organized workers in Canada. Nevertheless, they were also bitterly disheartening to those who attempted to indulge masses of workers in the celebration. The first Labor Day procession was in Toronto in 1882. At that time one of the demands of Labor was to call for a public enquiry into the status of

Plato - Understanding Essay Example for Free

Plato Understanding Essay Knowledge and opinion essentially form the entire dialogue of Plato’s Meno. Throughout the dialogue Socrates and Meno are on the search for whether virtue can be taught. From Socrates and Meno’s search for virtue, the importance of understanding knowledge and opinion becomes evident. Socrates and Meno’s search for virtue results in three themes. These themes are the relationship of knowledge, opinion and the helpful importance of teaching. Understanding knowledge, opinion and teaching’s importance help create the understanding of why knowledge is beneficial and pursued in life. Knowledge, according to Socrates, is recollection. Socrates shows this by saying, As the whole of nature is akin, and the soul has learned everything, nothing prevents a man, after recalling one thing only—a process men call learning—discovering everything else for himself, if he is brave and does not tire of the search, for searching and learning are, as a whole, recollection (81d). Teachers play a role in developing knowledge so it can become recallable. Today almost every person in this world in one way or another is schooled and taught things by a teacher. Years continue to go by with teachers playing an impact in almost everyone’s lives because they are benefiting people’s growth in knowledge. Teachers not only help us gain knowledge but even with things that cannot be taught, teachers can still play a role. In the Meno it is concluded that virtue is one of those things that cannot be taught. Teachers are also actually helpful in the pursuit of things that cannot be taught. Different ways teachers can help in the pursuit of knowledge of things that cannot be taught is by asking questions, or encouraging questions to be asked. What this allows is those to pursue knowledge faster and more successfully than they would in most cases alone. So regardless whether it is something that can be taught or not, teachers play a key role in gaining knowledge. Gaining knowledge is something that is desired by each one of us. All of us because of our human nature have a desire to know things. Sometimes that desire is so we can feel superior to another, sometimes it is to answer ones own questions about life itself, and sometimes it is to simply better ones everyday life. From these desires of wanting to know things it is obvious we as humans desire knowledge. But where exactly does this desire to know come from? This desire stems from opinion. Humans are opinionated and often feel very strongly about one’s opinions. Knowledge and opinion relate and there is a key difference essential to understanding knowledge. As Socrates pointed out knowledge is understood to be something that is true and can be recalled upon over and over knowing it is always true. However, the ability to be recallable is where opinion differs from knowledge. Opinions can in fact be true (true opinion) and be as useful as knowledge; however, there remains one distinct difference between the two. That difference is opinions can leave one’s mind. Opinions need to become tied down and become knowledge to avoid being forgotten. Socrates shows through an example of what happens if opinions are not tied down. Socrates refers to a beautiful work of Daedalus to show the importance of knowledge. Socrates explains that opinions if true are good only as long as they hang around in one’s mind. As soon as the true opinion escapes one’s mind it is no longer valuable. So if Socrates can tie the beautiful work of Daedalus it becomes more valuable just as knowledge becomes more valuable than true opinion because it is tied down forever with no potential of being forgotten (98a). Understanding this difference between knowledge and opinion is essential because it gives the reason as to why knowledge is pursued. Besides knowledge and opinion’s difference they also relate to one another in the pursuit of knowledge. Acquiring knowledge begins with opinions that are gained through different experiences. Before opinions become knowledge they can be stirred up through questions. In the Meno, Socrates does a demonstration that stirs up different opinions in a slave boy. Socrates asks the boy different questions and because of the questions asked the boy actually gets the questions correct without any knowledge of the answers. This example from the text shows two things regarding knowledge. First, this example shows that opinion precedes knowledge. The slave boy had true opinions about the questions Socrates was asking because he was answering correctly, but he did not have knowledge yet. Secondly, this example shows how teachers, in this case Socrates, help the pursuit of knowledge. By asking the proper questions opinions can be stirred up and start to become knowledge. When opinions are true they can become knowledge through an account of reason or proof that the opinion is indeed the truth. Once this happens the opinion turns into knowledge and that knowledge will now remain with no threat of being lost. Acquiring knowledge is essential in life and the pursuit of knowledge is in human nature. Throughout our entire lives knowledge is constantly pursued. Understanding knowledge and opinion’s relationship allows this to be reasoned. With knowledge being distinguished from true opinion by being recallable teachers play an important role. Teachers help by asking the right questions which then speeds up the knowledge gaining process. So with these three relationships it is more understood as why knowledge is beneficial and constantly pursued through life.

Economic System Of Pakistan Economics Essay

Economic System Of Pakistan Economics Essay Pakistan is among some of developing countries who have achieved an average growth rate over 5. Pakistan economy has been emerged as an economy with 27th largest in world in term of Nominal. Pakistan has a mixed economy, major decisions are taken by Government and private enterprise, and also economy is exercised by these both sectors. Pakistan economy also depends on its industrialized sector like agriculture, textile etc. Pakistan came in being in 1947 and that time to the fifth decade of it the growth rate of it higher than the worlds economy at that time. In the decade of 1960 Pakistan was considered as a model f economic progression throughout the world. It was so much appreciated due to its economic development. Its yearly average growth rate at that time was 6.8 %. Karachi was the most dominant city who was participating god role for increasing the GDP rate and many others cities copied him and South Korea was one of them. Pakistan economy was down in the decade of 197 t0 1990 due to mismanagement of fiscal policy. But again it was recovered by policy of deregulation. This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Pakistan at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Pakistani Rupees. Year Gross Domestic Product US Dollar Exchange Inflation Index (2000=100) Per Capita Income (as  % of USA) 1960 20,058 4.76 Pakistani Rupees 3.37 1965 31,740 4.76 Pakistani Rupees 3.40 1970 51,355 4.76 Pakistani Rupees 3.26 1975 131,330 9.91 Pakistani Rupees 2.36 1978 283,460 9.97 Pakistani Rupees 21 2.83 1985 569,114 16.28 Pakistani Rupees 30 2.07 1990 1,029,093 21.41 Pakistani Rupees 41 1.92 1995 2,268,461 30.62 Pakistani Rupees 68 2.16 2000 3,826,111 51.64 Pakistani Rupees 100 1.54 2005 6,581,103 59.86 Pakistani Rupees 126 1.71 2Government of Pakistan has made considerable economic policies and also made new jobs and also trying for reduction the poverty using their scarce resources. Government are working effectively and collecting the taxes from all types of communities whether they are elite or middle and by using these taxes making the new products hence unemployment is decreasing, output growth rate is increasing and poverty is also decreasing. Pakistan is exporting more than before, they are producing double than 1990, they are trying to improve their ports and there roads in which easily transactions can be transported. Pakistan is getting benefits from agricultures trade, and country expects to get more and more profit from trade. Pakistan is also progressing by using their resources effectively like using CNG instead of petrol, Hence the import of oil from other countries has been decreased and the cost f many other things also be decreased. Now CNG has taken place in many fields like automobiles. Pakistan has become the 85th country among 181 countries in flagship report. Pakistan is better than china and Russia and also comes highest in South Asia. Pakistan Government investing more in IT department and making their business more mobile. But Now Pakistan economy is going to dogs due to inflation and other economic crisis, Pakistan Economy has to face a crisis like Balance of payment. In year 2008 Pakistan had been bailed out by monetary funds to repay your loans that were increase $ 7.6 billion to $ 11.3 billion. Pakistan economy condition in 2000 was the best condition that it had ever because that time it was emerged due to its spectacular growth, average GDP was 7% between 2003 to 2007.In October 2007 Pakistan revenue increased and become $ 13 billion due to increased in exports to $ 18 billons. Hence it was a turning point for Pakistan economy because $ 8.4 billion had been invested by foreigners. Depression phase of Pakistan economy was 2008 because this time was a grea t terrorism. Terrorism had very bad impact on the overall economy, value of money decreased, growth of output rate decreased. Everyone felt thread and investment f foreigners also decreased hence devaluation of rupee occurred. Political environment also the reason f this situation, the average of inflation n 2011 was 5 % to 7 %. 3Economic comparison of Pakistan 1999-2008 Indicator 1999 2007 2008 2009 GDP $ 75 billion $ 160 billion $ 170 billion $ 185 billion GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) $ 270 billion $ 475.5 billion $ 504 billion $ 545.6 billion GDP per Capita Income $ 450 $ 925 $1085 $1250 Revenue collection Rs. 305 billion Rs. 708 billion Rs. 990 billion Rs. 1.05 trillion Foreign reserves $ 1.96 billion $ 16.4 billion $ 8.89 billion $ 17.21 billion Exports $ 7.5 billion $ 18.5 billion $ 19.22 billion $ 18.45 billion Textile Exports $ 5.5 billion $ 11.2 billion KHI stock exchange (100-Index) $ 5 billion at 700 points $ 75 billion at 14,000 points $ 46 billion at 9,300 points $ 26.5 billion at 9,000 points Foreign Direct Investment $ 1 billion $ 8.4 billion $ 5.19 billion $ 4.6 billion External Debt Liabilities $ 39 billion $ 40.17 billion $ 45.9 billion $ 50.1 billion Poverty level 34% 24% Literacy rate 45% 53% Development programs Rs. 80 billion Rs. 520 billion Rs. 549.7 billion Rs. 621 billion Major part Pakistan income consists of its agriculture products and it produces a huge amount of following objects presented by FOASTAT and the ranking of producing these products are given below: No of objects Food Rank 01 Seed 3rd 02 Sugarcane 5th 03 Rice 11th 04 Wheat   10th 05 Onion 4th 06 Dates 5th 07 Cotton 4th 08 Mango 6th 09 Buffalo Milk   2nd 10 Oranges 11th 11 Chickpea 3rd 12 Apricot 3rd 4Pakistan foremost Natural resources are its land and rivers according to a survey Pakistans 25 % land for cultivation and it is watered by the canals, rivers and some other ways. Pakistan merchandise exports are the part f industrial sector and according to the accountants Pakistan 24 % GDP and 64 % merchandise export relies on this sector. There are some others industries involve like cements, chemical, surgical etc. 250px-Manufacturing_by_Province.jpg Small business has great impact on the overall economy of a country; here is also same thing SME has contributed more than 40 % in the economy of the country. It also reduced the unemployment, use the skilled people and increased the growth rate of output. Small businesses are running almost 90 % enterprises and also make the jobs for people about 80 percent. Pakistan is also improving auto mobile industry and investing in it. It also contributes the GDP like 2.8 percent. In 2010 Pakistan is on number one that used CNG. Almost 3000 CNG pumps are running in the country and more than 2000 are in under construction. Pakistan is a country that is rewarded by its natural resources like rivers, cultivated land, mountains and many other minerals. Among them one of the significant mineral is mining, using their own resources like labor; It etc Pakistan has been found a most dominant country in this field. According to a survey at least 6, 00,000km 2 areas have metallic and non metallic commodities. Recently, a mining survey explores an ample which is the evidence of great minerals. In 1995, minerals policy took a step and said we will explore ourselves and call foreigners investors and it was favorably answered and now four projects are going for finding some new minerals.  [5]  250px-Service_Sector_by_Province.jpg Pakistan serves sector is also trying to improve GDP yet also they are contributing about 53 percent. Pakistan is also improving their IT department by investing more because it can make them more efficient and effective. The massive part of economy is gradually grow towards telecommunication according to a survey Pakistan has more than 18 million internet networks and 91 million mobile users in 2008. Banks are also providing massive amount to the people and industries for investing more and more, it is a good sign because money is continually flowing and the value f money could be increased. There was a very horrible situation in banking sectors in 2008; inspite of that Pakistan banking sector was massively enough determent at that situation. Pakistan is not using their resources rightly in case of electricity, due t this disease a lot of small business has to shut down and hence unemployment also increase. Like other countries Pakistan also has not good planning how to secure our i ncreasing population.

What is Faith?

What is Faith? What is faith? Many, both inside and outside Christianity, ponder this question every day. How can we define faith, and how can we better understand what true faith looks like? More importantly, what kind of faith does God expect of us? Every one of us exhibits faith in something every day; we have faith that the bus driver knows how to drive the bus, we have faith that the pilot knows how to fly the plane, we have faith that the school teachers know how to educate our children, and for Christians we have faith that God is real and that Jesus died on the cross so our sins can be forgiven. Faith isnt something that we should exhibit only when things are going well, when we feel our circumstances prove that God is real. Corrie ten Boom, most famous for her work helping to hide Jews during WWII said When a train goes through a tunnel and it gets dark, you dont throw away the ticket and jump off. You sit still and trust the engineer.[1] This is true for faith; when something happens and life gets a little dark, we dont assume God has lost control and were headed into a mountain, instead we should trust God all the more, understanding that He has full control. But faith is far more than just this vague belief that God is in the drivers seat, or that whatever happens God will get us through that dark tunnel. In Hebrews 11:1 it is written Faith shows the reality of what we hope for; it is the evidence of things we cannot see. Faith is truth and trust, [2] yet how many of us have the kind of faith that can completely trust in God regardless of our situation? Theres a story about the missionary Hudson Taylor during his first trip to China. Aboard a sailing ship, at one stage there was no wind, and they were close to islands inhabited by tribes of cannibals. With the islands, and cannibals, getting closer the captain asked Hudson if he would pray. Hudson agreed, but only if the captain set the sails, ready for the breeze. With no sign of wind the captain declined, but Hudson stood fast and refused to pray until the sails had been set, ready for the wind he had faith God would send. The captain, eventually, agreed and the crew set the sails, while Hudson set about the task of asking God for the wind to fill them. Sometime later there was a knock at the door and the captain asked Hudson if he was still praying for God to send wind. Hudson indicated he was, to which the captain replied you better stop praying for we have more wind than we can manage![3] Hudson Taylor had no doubt God would send the wind; he had faith in God. In Hebrews 11 we see examples of other expressions of faith, expressions that may seem unbelievable unless you first believe that to God, nothing is impossible. In verse 3 we read that by faith we understand that the entire universe was formed at Gods commandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[4] None of us were there to see this, to witness this great event, and yet by faith we believe and accept this event occurred just how the Bible describes it. Similarly it was by faith that Noah built the Ark even when there was no sign of rain, or when Abraham left his homeland to take his family to a faraway land hed never seen, or when Abraham took the son he had been told would bless the world to offer him as a sacrifice.[5] These events describe how great faith led to a great event; a second chance for all creatures in the Ark, or a new nation that would someday bless the whole world, yet not every instance of great faith resulted in something most would see as positive. In Hebrews 11:35-37 it is written: But others were tortured, refusing to turn from God in order to be set free. They placed their hope in a better life after the resurrection. Some were jeered at, and their backs were cut open with whips. Others were chained in prisons. Some died by stoning, some were sawed in half, and others were killed with the sword.[6] These verses describe people who, because of their faith, refused to reject Jesus even in the face of torture and death. Their faith caused them to trust in salvation and an eternal life, placing God above their own lives. It is only when we come to understand faith as the kind of faith that makes you force a ships captain to set sails while there is no sign of wind, to build a huge ship when there is no sign of rain, or to face torture and death rather than renounce your beliefs, that we approach the level of faith we see throughout the Old and New Testament. In Psalm 26:1 it is written Declare me innocent, O Lord, for I have acted with integrity; I have trusted in the Lord without wavering.[7] Faith is trusting, without wavering. Psalm 37:3-5 Trust in the Lord and do goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Take delight in the Lord Commit everything you do to the Lord. Trust him, and he will help you.[8] All of these describe faith in God, a faith that will see you trust Him through the dark tunnels, when you are stuck in a windless calm, when you are asked to fulfil a ridiculous task, or even when faced with death. True faith will trust God in every situation, no matter what we may face. [1] William K. Volkmer, These Things: A Reference Manual For Discipleship (San Antonio: The Passionate Few, 2016), 249. [2] Charles C. Ryrie, Basic Theology (Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1999), 377. [3] J. Don Jennings, Lifes Great Adventure: Walking With God (Maitland, FL: Xuton Press, 2011), 252-253. [4] Hebrews 11:3 NLT (New Living Translation). [5] Hebrews 11:7-10, 17-19 NLT (New Living Translation). [6] Hebrews 11:35-37 NLT (New Living Translation). [7] Psalm 26:1 NLT (New Living Translation). [8] Psalm 37:3-5 NLT (New Living Translation).

The IQ Debate Essay -- Intelligence

Intelligence can be defined in many different ways. This concept has been the focus of numerous studies and investigations by psychologists and other scientific experts. Intelligence can be the mental ability to reason, plan ahead, understand a wide range of complex issues and learn from past experiences (Gottfredson, 1997). Intelligence is the â€Å"resultant of the process of acquiring, storing in memory, retrieving, combining, comparing, and using in new contexts information and conceptual skills† (Humphreys, 1979) Intelligence is commonly measured through the use of a number of scales and quantitative measures, like the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), developed by Alfred Binet in early 20th century to identify which French children needed more attention from their educators. The use of IQ tests progressively spread to all parts of the world. The use of these tests has raised controversy among psychologists and educators, with supporters of IQ tests assuming that the tests produce measure of genetically transmitted intelligence. On the other hand, critics of the tests have pointed out that IQ test provides a measure that defines intelligence through the use of cultural deterministic concepts. The ethnocentrism embedded in the assumptions of many commentators, has generated into a justification for a number of theoretical approaches, like those by Charles Murray and others (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/850358.stm). The dichotomy between the view that intelligence levels are affected by situational factors and the view that intelligence is genetically transmitted has dominated psychological debates on IQ throughout decades. The statements made by many commentators that intelligences depends on genetic factors has been ... ...c factors, but to education, parental supervision and other situational and environmental factors. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gottfredson, L.S. (1997) "Foreword to "intelligence and social policy". Intelligence Volume 24 (number1): pp. 1–12. Humphreys, L. G. (1979). "The construct of general intelligence". Intelligence. Volume 3 (Number 2): pp. 105–120. Marshall, G. (1994) (ed.), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (Oxford: Oxford University Press. Safer, M. A. (1980). Attributing evil to the subject, not the situation: Student reaction to Milgram’s film on obedience. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 205–209. Sutherland, E. H. (1947) Principles of criminology. Chicago : J. B. Lippincott (4th Edition) . Zimbardo, P. G. (1999). The Psychology of Evil. Stanford University http://www.sonoma.edu/users/g/goodman/zimbardo.htm

Legalization of Marijuana :: Argumentative, Marijuana Legalization

The legalization of marijuana has been questionable for many many years now, but the government just seems to always decline. I feel that marijuana should be legalized. There are many reasons for and against legalization, but the arguments for it outweigh the arguments against it. I believe marijuana should be legalized for three main reasons. Legalization will bring in much needed tax dollars, it will free up prisons and their resources, and it will save the U.S tons of money. If marijuana is legalized, it can be taxed by the federal government, like alcohol and cigarettes are now. If this is done, not only will the government save millions of dollars on searching for marijuana, the government will make billions of dollars off the sale of marijuana which can be used for drug education programs to help educate the youth of America. In the United States, all levels of government (federal, state, and local authorities) participate in the "War on Drugs." We currently spend billions of dollars every year to chase peaceful people who happen to like to get high. These people get locked up in prison and the taxpayers have to foot the bill. We have to pay for food, housing, health care, attorney fees, court costs, and other expenses to lock these people up. This is extremely expensive! If you must know, it costs taxpayers like you and me $42,000 a year to keep just one criminal in jail. That's more than twice the amount citizens spend on sending their children to school. Taxpayers only spend a dissapointing $13,000 a year for public schooling. We could save billions of dollars every year as a nation if we stop wasting money locking people up for having marijuana. In addition, if marijuana were legal, the government would be able to collect taxes on it, and would have a lot more money to pay for effective drug education programs and other important causes. According to The Report of the Task Force on Cannabis Regulation to the Center for the Study of Drug Policy, "marijuana is one of the largest tax-exempt industries in the country today." 10-15 billion dollars a year could be made simply by legalizing cannabis. Hemp, the nonpsychoactive version of the plant, has many, many uses but is outlawed by the U.S. government. Hemp is an incredibly strong fiber that can be used for ropes, clothes and

Education Essays – Adhd Creativity Training

ADHD Creativity TrainingSummary, Discussion of Findings, Recommendations and Future ResearchIntroductionThis chapter will sum up the intent, methodological analysis, and findings of this probe. Following the drumhead, treatment of these findings will be provided, and restrictions will be presented. Finally recommendations will be suggested for future research.Summary of InvestigationPopulating in a planetary environment where information and engineering are altering as scientific discipline expounds new penetrations about everyday led pedagogues to recognize the importance of learning kids accomplishments which they will necessitate as grownups, and to go more effectual scholars. Most, if non all, today ‘s pedagogues have agreed on both the enormous value of creativeness and the possibility of learning and heightening originative ability ( Runco, 2007 ) . Since all human existences are innately originative and able to develop originative abilities and believing accomplishments, many learning plans ( e. g.the CoRT plan) which aimed to develop and strength originative abilities have been established.Research IndicatesCreativity is of import to everyone and ADHDs are no exclusion. What strategies, so, might be appropriate for regular and particular instruction pupils in the same educational scene? Research conducted by Jaben ( 1983, 1986 ) with specific larning handicapped pupils suggested creativeness preparation might be one such scheme. Gowan and Torrance ( 1971 ) theorized that creativeness is a requirement for accomplishment. Baum and Owen ( 1988 ) investigated the features that differentiate high ability larning handicapped pupils from other pupils with larning disablements and found creativeness to be the distinguishing factor. Novak ( 1991 ) suggested construct function is a metacognitive scheme. While concept maps can be constructed in several ways, Novak et Al ( 1983 ) theorized, â€Å"the greatest creativeness may be required to build a construct map without any supplied words or text, but pulling on an individual’s fund of cognition for some specific topic† ( P. 626 ) . Therefore, construct function is a metacognitive scheme which allows pupils to incorporate originative relationships between constructs. If it has been theorized that creativeness is related to concept map development, would creativity developing impact the construct maps developed by pupils with ADHD? It was hypothesized participants having creativeness preparation would non hit significantly higher on the posttest than those participants non having such creativeness preparation. Specifically, this survey asked the undermentioned inquiries as defined in chapter one:Is there a correlativity between Concept mapping ability of pupils with ADHD and their public presentation inthe Torrance Trials of Creative Thinking( TTCT ) ?Will pupils classified with ADHD who receive creativeness preparation mark higher tonss on the TTCT than pupils with ADHD who non make have such preparation?Will pupils classified with ADHD who receive creativeness preparation mark higher tonss on the TTCT in the posttest compared with the pretest?Will pupils classified with ADHD who do non have creativeness developing mark higher tonss on the TTCT in the posttest compared with the pretest?Will pupils classified with ADHD who receive creativeness preparation produce more complex construct maps than pupils with ADH D who non make have such preparation?Will pupils classified with ADHD who receive creativeness preparation produce more complex construct maps in the posttest compared with the pretest?Will pupils classified with ADHD who do non have creativeness developing bring forth more complex construct maps in the posttest compared with the pretest?Will pupils classified with ADHD who receive creativeness preparation mark higher proposition’s tonss compared with the pupils with ADHD who non make have such preparation?Will pupils classified with ADHD who receive creativeness preparation mark higher proposition’s tonss in the posttest compared with the pretest?Will pupils classified with ADHD who do non have creativeness developing mark higher proposition’s tonss in the posttest compared with the pretest?Will pupils classified with ADHD who receive creativeness preparation mark higher hierarchy’s tonss compared with the pupils with ADHD who non make have such preparat ion?Will pupils classified with ADHD who receive creativeness preparation mark higher hierarchy’s tonss in the posttest compared with the pretest?Will pupils classified with ADHD who do non have creativeness developing mark higher hierarchy’s tonss in the posttest compared with the pretest?Will pupils classified with ADHD who receive creativeness preparation mark higher cross link’s tonss compared with the pupils with ADHD who non make have such preparation?Will pupils classified with ADHD who receive creativeness preparation mark higher cross link’s tonss in the posttest compared with the pretest?Will pupils classified with ADHD who do non have creativeness developing mark higher cross link’s tonss in the posttest compared with the pretest?Will pupils classified with ADHD who receive creativeness preparation mark higher example’s tonss compared with the pupils with ADHD who non make have such preparation?Will pupils classified with ADHD who receive creativeness preparation mark higher example’s tonss in the posttest compared with the pretest?Will pupils classified with ADHD who do non have creativeness developing mark higher example’s tonss in the posttest compared with the pretest?The intent, so, of this survey was to look into the effects of creativeness upon the ability to bring forth more complex construct maps among 4th and 5th class pupils classified as holding ADHD. Sixty four pupils from 20 four schools in Riyadh participated in the probe. The topics were indiscriminately assigned to an experimental or control group. The groups consisted of 30 two in each group. All sixty four topics were given developing in construct function and were asked to finish a construct map and the TTCT as a pretest. The experimental group was given 20 hours of creativeness preparation while the control group received no creativeness preparation. As a posttest step, all sixty four topics completed a 2nd construct map and the TTCT. Datas were analyzed viathe Pearson product-moment correlativity coefficient,the t trial for two independent samples, andthe paired-sample T trial. Consequences indicated topics who received creativeness preparation developed significantly more complex construct maps than those topics who received no such creativeness preparation. Therefore, creativeness preparation enhances the construct mapping ability of pupils with ADHD.Discussion of FindingssThe information analysis revealed a statistically important difference between the intervention group, which received creativeness fostering techniques, and the control group, which did non have creativeness heightening techniques. It is moderately plausible to reason from this creativeness intercession that student’s tonss on the TTCT and Cmap did increase with the execution of creativeness fostering techniques. An scrutiny of the literature refering to this determination indicated that the consequences of this survey added to a turning organic structure of informations accumulated from research that attempts to understand the function of fostering creativeness through creativeness direction as an chance for increasing student’s creativeness. Sternberg ( 2003 ) found that pupils could larn certain sorts of determinations and techniques to heighten their creativeness. Moran et Al. ( 1983 ) further confirmed that eloquence is an indispensable constituent in the procedure of originative and original thought. Golovin ( 1993 ) who analyzed the average creativeness tonss on the TTCT among 159 topics from eight schoolrooms. The intercession lasted for 10 yearss and measured the consequence of the control group having no creativeness preparation, and two intervention groups having creativeness, 50 proceedingss daily. The survey showed that creativeness preparation had a positive consequence on the two intervention groups. The intervention of creativeness preparation was effectual as shown by the mensural consequence on the TTCT. Golovin concluded that creativeness preparation was statistically important and had a positive consequence on measured creativeness. Jaben ( 1983 ) used a pretest-posttest design with 49 pupils from two intermediate-level larning disablements schoolrooms. This survey usedthe Purdue Creative Thinking Programfor a 14-week intercession to mensurate the consequence of creativeness direction. The survey found that the learning disablements intervention group made important additions over the control group. The additions were measured utilizing the TTCT. Jaben concluded that based on the consequences, creativeness programming such asthe Purdue Creative Thinking Programcan heighten the eloquence, flexibleness, originality, and amplification of pupils labeled as acquisition disabled. Jaben ( 1986 ) repated the above-named survey. The intent of this survey was to analyze the consequence of direction on larning handicapped students’ divergent thought. Again the sample included 50 LD participants mensurating the consequence of creativeness direction throughthe Purdue Creative Thinking Programin a 14-week intercession. Again, the acquisition handicapped intervention group had significantly higher TTCT tonss than the acquisition disabled control group. Schack ( 1993 ) investigated the effects of a originative job work outing course of study on pupils of changing ability. The topics included 276 in-between school pupils in six schools. The students’ labels designated them as gifted, awards, or norm. The pupils were rated on eloquence, flexibleness, and originality harmonizing tothe Creative Problem Solving ( CPS )standards. The findings concluded that no one ability degree gained more significantly than another. Many theoreticians ( de Bono, 1986 ; Gordon, 1961 ; Renzulli and Reis, 1997 ; Schilchter, 1991, 1997 ) besides confirm the impact of creativeness plans on the sweetening of originative thought. Both the reappraisal of literature and information analysis clearly demonstrated that the usage of creativeness heightening techniques increase the originative thought of both regular instruction pupils and pupils designated as particular instruction pupils, hence creativeness preparation is a technique that can be employed in an incorporate schoolroom comprising of regular instruction pupils with pupils who are classified as particular needs pupils. Russell and Meikamp ( 1994 ) tout the congratulationss of creativeness preparation as a scheme worthy of execution for developing metacognitive accomplishments in pupils of all abilities. In the present survey a benefit of the creativeness developing intercession may be the development of metacognitive schemes as measured by construct function. Students were encouraged during the preparation to be more fluid, flexible, original, and elaborative. As the topics developed their accomplishments in each of these countries, they were encouraged to developed originative thoughts for look that were unlike thoughts from any other member of the preparation group, and they were given the chance to generalise their freshly found ability to a touchable merchandise. Generalization of the cognitive schemes presented suggested meacognition was happening. This was evidenced by the complexness of the maps produced by the pupils in the experimental group. In decision, the consequences of the present survey indicated that there was a important difference between the intervention and control group on posttest tonss. Because these two groups were tantamount before get downing the intercession, but significantly different after the creativeness intercession, it is sensible to reason that student’s scores did increase with the execution of creativeness heightening techniques. Learning creativeness heightening techniques such as eloquence, flexibleness, originality, and amplification helped the pupils in the intervention group to develop the metacognitive accomplishments necessary for fostering creativeness, ensuing in the assurance needed to exert originative abilities ; therefore, bring forthing a more complex construct maps than pupils in the control group. Another determination is that there is a relationship between the TTCT tonss and concept map public presentation. This determination indicates that those pupils who did better construct maps besides score better in the TTCT. Concept mapping tacninc have been used as assessment tacnic ( see? ) . From the consequence above ( strong positive correlativity was found (R=0.961,Phosphorus& A ; lt ; 0.0001 ) it is possible to reason that there is a little possibility to utilize construct function to measure originative ability. However, the strong positive correlativity found between TTCT and construct function is non plenty to back up the above suggestion of utilizing Cmap to measure creativeness, because the population of this survey is implemented by their age, Gender and disablement moreover it a little sample to be usage to measure correlativities, thenceforth the research worker suggest that analyzing the relation between Cmap and TTCT as a facture analysis survey utilizing a preventative similar to that used to develop the TTCT ( that is, a big sample ( more than 10,000 capable ) , wade scope of development age ( 5 to +18 ) Wade scope of development ability, ( e. g. gifted, LD, mental retarded, normal ) w ade scope of academic lubricating oil ( from grandfather to 12 graders ) and both gender ) can assist to understand the relation between Cmap and TTCT, in specific, to reply the undermentioned inquiries: is there a correlativity between construct function ability and the originative ability, the entire mark on Cmap and onthe TTCT. Is the ability of originality in TTCT correlative with that of cross links in Cmap, eloquence with propositions, flexibleness with hierarchy and amplification with illustrations?Boundary lines and RestrictionsBoundary lines provide descriptions of the population to which generalisations accurately may be made ( Locke et al. , 1993 ) . Boundary lines suggest how the survey will be narrowed in range ( Creswell, 1994 ) . These boundary lines may impact the external cogency. Based on Creswell ( 1994 ) and Locke et al. , ( 1993 ) people, topographic points, and times are the three major menaces to external cogency. The research worker identified three boundary lines, which affected the pertinence and generalisation to the scenes and populations. First, this survey was delimited by its limitation to research the consequence ofthe CoRTplanas an enhancement tool on the originative thought of kids with ADHD who 4th and 5th graders. Enhancement of creativeness in this survey was measured by both the TTCT and the complexness of Cmap. This survey did non address gender differences nor address the usage of prescribed for the intervention of ADHD even though all of the participants were taking medicine for their intervention of their ADHD. Therefore, because of the focussed population used in this survey, generalisations to other populations are made with cautiousness. In add-on, this survey was conducted in Riyadh which is the capital metropolis of the land of Saudi Arabia ; therefore the consequences from this survey may non be generalizable to a rural scene. Finally, the survey was farther delimited by the continuance, which was three months. This may hold affected the pertinence. Restrictions set up the boundaries, exclusions, reserves and makings inherent in every survey ( Castetter and Heisler, 1994 ) . Restrictions hence identify possible failings of the survey. A major restriction to this survey was the size of the sample, this may due to the voluntary nature of the survey. In add-on, all participants are misss ; hence this survey did non address gender. It would hold been interesting to hold male childs in the survey for gender comparing. Another restriction is that the intent of this survey was non to quantify a preparation plan for instructors but instead to researchthe CoRTplanwhich may be employed by instructors when working with kids who have ADHD. Finally, the survey dose non investigates the relationship between increased construct map complexness and accomplishment additions in content countries.Recommendations:Although creativeness is frequently thought of as a natural endowment, creativeness heightening techniques and originative consciousness can be good for bettering a student’s originative abilities and originative thought. The overall findings of this survey demonstrated the benefits of utilizing creativeness plan in fostering creativeness through creativeness heightening techniques such as eloquence, flexibleness, originality, and amplification ensuing in the development of originative merchandises on the TCCT and complex Cmap. The deductions of this survey are presented as recommendations for pedagogues, pupils, and the field of instruction in general for implementing creativeness plans and supplying chance for pupils to foster creativeness, therefore impacting and bettering creativeness and originative merchandises. Gardner ( 2000 ) believed that the instruction of the hereafter calls for a basically different sort of instruction. Education should concentrate on disciplinary signifiers flexibly designed in learning pupils to work out new jobs and make new lines of idea. The same procedures used in job resolution are used in creativeness preparation. Students are taught to develop many possible solutions to the job ( eloquence ) , to sort these solutions into likely classs ( flexibleness ) , to bring forth alone thoughts that have non been presented before ( originality ) , and to spread out upon these thoughts to increase utility ( amplification ) . Thus creativeness preparation is developing in job resolution. Educators should supply pupils with chances to show creativeness in content, procedure, and merchandise. Research surveies suggest that the usage of creativeness fostering techniques can profit pupils in both procedure and merchandise by learning the metacognitive accomplishments necessary and supplying chance in the development of originative and critical thought. The consequences of this survey formalize other research on the usage of creativeness direction. Creativity should go an built-in portion of the educational procedure and non be considered the fluff of the course of study. Educational course of study should concentrate on learning pupils to take an active function in the originative procedure through metacognition. It should endeavour to present pupils to believing non merely about what they think, but how they think for bettering originative processing and originative production. Iimplementing and utilizing creativeness heightening techniques are imperative if creativeness heightening methods are to go a critical portion of the educational course of study. It is besides imperative that pupils learn to foster their creativeness in both procedure and merchandise. Students should be given the chance to show originative thoughts and ideas in open-ended activities that allow originative look with no right or incorrect replies. Metacognition, originative thought, and originative look are life accomplishments that are imperative to students’ future successes ; and hence, must be nurtured and enhanced. All pupils should be challenged to make the pinnacle of success that merely comes through deeper apprehension and pattern of the originative procedure. The execution of creativeness direction can travel pupils to higher degrees of originative public presentation. Given the intricate relationship between creativeness direction and improved originative public presentation, pedagogues must let creativeness heightening techniques such as eloquence, flexibleness, originality, and amplification to go an built-in portion of the activities performed daily in the educational teaching method of school course of study. When developing course of study for exceeding pupils, larning manners and instructional schemes which the person pupil possesses are indispensable considerations. Given the consequences of this survey, it is suggested that creativeness preparation be included as a instruction scheme to advance both metacognition and higher order thought ( analysis, synthesis, and rating ) . This survey besides has deductions for instructors developing plans. Traditionally, creativeness preparation has been an built-in of instructor readying for those trained to work with the mentally gifted. If so, as this survey suggests, creativeness preparation is besides effectual with pupils who are non classified mentally gifted, so instructors of these pupils should be prepared to learn and foster creativeness. This research suggests that a better apprehension of the nature of creativeness and the possible advantages ADHD kids may take to the design of learning schemes and to the planning of educational environments that maximize particular acquisition manners, lessening comorbidity, and do usage of particular endowment and potency. The research and intercession on ADHD now is excessively focused on placing lacks ( Frick and Lahey, 1991 ; McBurnett et Al. ; 1993 ) and rectifying them ( Burcham et al. ; 1993 ) . It would be valuable for schools and parents to be able to concentrate on strengths every bit good as failing. Labels may non merely impact the manner kids are perceived by the instructor but besides their self-pride. Therefore, it is of extreme importance for instructors and parents to work together to bolster self-esteem and to place and foster strengths every bit much as possible. As pedagogues, it is our duty to plan educational environments in which their endowments can be developed. A recommendation could be taken from Wei ( 1997 ) to find the appropriate educational arrangement and manner of learning from which ADHD originative kids could profit. The kids who learn good in the conventional scene should stay at that place, and those who do non should hold the option to be placed in smaller, experience-based acquisition environments. An apprehension of creativity’s many dimensions may take to reorganisation of educational environments so that maximal chances exist for originative behaviours to emerge and for each kid to develop in the manner that is most suitable to his/her ain particular endowments.Future ResearchThroughout both the literature and research on the subject of creativeness, one point was clear and concurred by all: more qualitative and quantitative research for measuring and developing creativeness is necessary if creativeness direction is to be come a critical portion of the educational course of study. Research based methods for measuring and fostering creativeness should to be developed, understand, and applied suitably for adding pupils in the originative procedure, ensuing in the development of quality merchandises by independent and originative minds. The limited sum of research on this capable suggests that the countries examined in this thesis would profit from future probes. An extension of this survey with the same groups is indispensable to find the impact of creativeness preparation upon other rating steps as determined by school classs, accomplishment tonss, and self concept stock lists. Further recommendations include intercessions of longer continuance to show the long-run advantages of utilizing creativeness fostering techniques. A larger sample size would besides be good to formalize this survey and increase dependability in generalising the consequences to a larger population. Future research would profit from holding a separate control group of kids holding troubles in school but who do non run into the diagnostic standards for ADHD so that comparings could be made. If creativeness preparation is effectual with pupils who are ADHD in footings of construct function, how might it impact other countries of exceptionality such as mild mental deceleration? Since pupils with mental deceleration and those with mild disablements are besides being integrated into the regular instruction schoolroom, other surveies should be conducted with these populations. Additionally, the procedure of creativeness preparation and construct map development could be explored as an alternate manner to measure pupils classified as mildly disabled. Traditionally, cognition acquired by pupils classified as mildly disabled can non ever be measured by pencil and paper trials. This method might supply an extra step for schoolroom instructors. Many can reason that there is a relationship and similar features between ADHD and creativeness ( Cramond, 1994 ; Frick and Lahey, 1991 ; Hartmann, 1997 ; and Weiss, 1997 ) . The exact nature of the relationship between ADHD and creativeness is non known at this clip. Both are really complex concepts. However, one can non show with the fluctuation that ADHD causes creativeness or portion of it. It can easy be assumed that other factors are involved ( disposition, cognitive aptitude, genetic sciences, lacking societal accomplishments, academic underachievement, and legion other environmental variables ) . Possibly ADHD and creativeness are similar concepts, but farther academic research in this peculiar country is neededDrumheadIt can be concluded that all ability degree pupils can profit from creativeness heightening techniques. If so creativeness can impact originative ability with both regular pupils and those pupils classified as particular instruction pupils, and these consequences are generalizable, so the statement for incorporating exceeding pupils into the regular schoolroom utilizing the same instruction schemes may hold virtue. Creativity preparation appears to be a scheme worthy of usage by instructor with pupils in an incorporate scene. The initial consequences of this survey were interesting and promising, but there is still considerable work to be done in many countries that could be good to the kids, their households, and instructors. participants on the present survey were mean, less than norm, and extremely originative harmonizing to their consequences on the TTCT. Semelar to that of Cramond, 1994a, B, 1995 ; Although some of the participants of the present survey score high scor in the TTCT, it is non the perpuse of this studay to exame explore creativeness among ADHDs or to enderstand the coection between creativeness and ADHD. The pourpes of this studay is to exame whether or non a creativeness treaning plan will assist pupils with ADHD to develop more complex Recomadition: Mothers developing plans is good for poth kids with ADHD and female parents ( see Weiss and Hechtman P32 ) For recomandiotns see keetam ( Gul 2006 ) Monsen and Frederickson, 2004 Sherman et al. , 2006 On their survey on a sample of 151 kids aged 10-11 old ages Wallach and Kogan ( 1965 ) proposed four classs of features, classified on the footing of their degrees of creativeness and intelligence: High creativity-low intelligence: their chief features are:Angry struggle with themselves and their school environment.Feelingss of unworthiness and insufficiency.Able to bloom cognitively.Low creativity-high intelligence: their chief features are:Addicted to the school accomplishment.Strive continually for academic excellence because they perceive academic failure as ruinous.High creativity-high intelligence: their chief features are:Can exert within themselves both control and freedom.Have both grownups like and childlike behaviors.Low creativity-low intelligence: their chief feature is:Engage in assorted defensive manoeuvres such as intensive societal activity or passiveness or psychosomatic symptoms.Yet many of these incorporate pupils bring to the regular schoolroom larning features that are specific to their exceptionalities. For illustration, pupils with specific larning disablements have trouble cognizing how to larn ( Plloway, et al. , 2002 ) chapter one. Recomadition: Resea rch indicates metacognition –knowing how to learn- is an country of trouble for these pupils ( Bos and Vaughn, 2005 ) . Furthermore, mildly handicapped pupils experience troubles geting and utilizing metacognitive schemes.