Theories and Practice in Child Development

Theories and Practice in Child Development After reading the document produced by Tom Burkard and Tom Clelford, Cutting the Childrens Plan which gives an insight of why the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) should be scrapped. It states that the Statutory Framework EYFS which was launched in 2007 should be scrapped to save  £315 million. However the authors do not state which areas of the EYFS they want scrapped, which causes concern. The EYFS is a large framework for practice and assessment and is the umbrella under which all the children aged 0 5 years who receive care and education. It has been a great impact within the early years establishments as well as having influences of various theorists to support the childrens learning and development. Before thinking of scrapping the EYFS altogether the authors should consider looking through the framework and see what the positives and negatives are as some aspects of the EYFS dont work for some whereas other aspects are of great use. As it mentions in Pugh.G et al (2010:1 00) There are also those who think it goes too far and is too perspective. (Open Eye, 2007:2008). Within the document it is mentioned that the EYFS is an intrusive attempt to micro-manage all 0 5 childcare establishments as well as dictating best practice including parents. Within the EYFS it does not specify that the parents should do as they are told neither does it specify how practitioners should work with the children. Therefore Pugh.G et al (2010:105), states that It requires the practitioner to differentiate to understand each child as an individual and personalize the curriculum content to match their needs and interests. However practitioners should have an in depth knowledge of their key children, so that they can use the EYFS Framework to support and help plan opportunities and activities. These will then enhance childrens learning and encourage the individual childrens development in a way that will interest them. The EPPE Project (Sylva et al, 2004: Chapter 4) identified the importance of a form of interaction between children and adults, that they call sustained shared thinking in promoting childrens learning and development which is now as part of the EYFS. On the other hand working in partnership with parents is essential as it helps all children to achieve their full potential. As stated in The Times (2008), The EYFS is about responding to the individuality of each child, in the context of loving and secure relationships and creating a stimulating and enabling environment that will promote age appropriate experiences for learning and development. Furthermore, Nurse A.D (2007:73) states that Children can be said to prefer to learn through the enactive mode as their ability to represent images and use symbols is less well developed. In this Bruner agreed with Piaget that active, first hand experiences are an appropriate way to present new knowledge to young children. The document also questions whether the EYFS encourages good practice. According to Pugh.G et al (2010:105) we need to focus the curriculum on what is important for the children, the things that they need to be doing at this stage of their development. By looking at the research and practice the most important things are Being Social, Being Positive, Being a Communicator, Being Creative and Being Healthy and Safe (ECM:2003). By introducing reading and writing at an early stage it could be argued that it can lead to complications later on and also delaying phonic work, therefore the EYFS recommends that practitioners use their professional judgement with introducing phonics. On the other hand the authors are claiming that children who come from a less stimulating disadvantaged environment waste an entire year falling further behind their middle class peers in learning (e.g reading), whose parents generally know better than to delay reading instruction. This is not entirely true, Gaunt e (2010) clarifies that Parents with the support of the wider family, are childrens primary educators. What parents do at home with young children has the most impact on all aspects of their development social, emotional, intellectual and physical. Nevertheless it could be alleged that children who have strong home learning environments are ahead socially and intellectually by the age of three, which is continued into schooling. Bronfenbrenners ecological model of human development emphasises the role of the wider environment and the childrens interaction within it. Bronfenbrenner and Caci (1994) proposed that the environment was the main influence on childrens development. Bronfenbrenner produced systems which included the following Microsystems, Macrosystems and Exosystems. The following diagram illustrated below shows how these systems are interacted and impact on the childs learning and development. (Smith et al: 2003). Bronfenbrenner also led the Head Start programme in America which required helping disadvantaged children overcome their poor beginnings. The EYFS recognises the importance of the wider environment both in working in partnership with parents and the ethos of the EYFS, providing equality of care and education for all. Research has shown that good quality early education and care has wide ranging benefits for all children. Being provided across nurseries, reception classes, pre schools, childrens centres and childminders, it enhances social and cognitive skills and is of particular benefit to disadvantaged children (N.A: 2010). However other curriculums have also the quality input that the EYFS has, for example the High Scope Curriculum, Montessori etc. It could be argued that children who have an intellectually and physically stimulating environment will maintain a more complex network of synapses in the brain (Bee: 1997). These biological changes in nature can have implications for practice, the EYFS however has a variety of suitable activities planned for those at different ages and stages of development. This is a prime example of how nurture can influence nature. Additionally Bowlbys (1907 1990) research found that babies/children succeed if they receive care from one main caregiver which is usually the mother. They are also more likely to make secure attachments and then initially grow up into being well balanced adults. (OHagan et al: 1993). Therefore modern researchers have disputed the fact that only the mothers can perform this task (Smith et al: 1993), regardless the debate of working mothers, it still remains that the childrens emotional and cognitive development are best when there is that continuity of care available. When in care children under the age of 5 should each be allocated key workers so that children can form key attachments with this person, this is where secondary attachments are formed. The key person is a key to developing relationships with the children that are assigned to them as swell as sharing and collecting information by working in partnership with parents of the key children allocated. The EYFS reflects this by stating that Each child with early years care and education should be allocated a key person (EYFS: 2007). By having a key person allocated to the children it enables them to develop an attachment with the practitioner on a secure basis knowing that they can rely on the key person. Lastly the authors stipulate that despite the ambitions of the EYFS, childminders have not been able to see the practical effect of this. It could be argued that there is too much paperwork involved for them within the EYFS. However there is evidence that most childminders have developed knowledge and understanding of how to put the EYFS into practice and use it to identify, plan and provide foe individual childrens needs in their care. On the other hand many childminders have given up their jobs due to this and others who are thinking of this. On one forum a childminder writes her views on the EYFS Curriculum and how she feels about it which can be accessed on The childminder states: I, like many other childminders, gave up an enormous amount of personal time just to prepare for my Ofsted. I spent weeks compiling my Portfolio, cataloguing my Toys, books, games, puzzles and equipment; compiling cleaning rotas, putting together endless policies, parent information booklets, files for training, files for resource collections, working out a system for recording each childs development, the list goes on and on. I still cared about and loved the children, I still provided the caring environment, and I still try to help each of my little ones to blossom and flourish, to feel loved and cared for, to be aware of the needs and feelings of others and to know that each one is recognised as being unique and valuable. Yes it should be obligatory for childminders to attend relevant courses and keep up to date with current thinking and procedures, in order that they can prepare to do the job effectively, but the burden of delivering EYFS in a childminding setting is too much for many childminders, and this needs to be reviewed. Mrs R Richardson, Registered Childminder Therefore it could be argued that the EYFS should not be scrapped but reviewed again. Purnima Tanuku, chief executive of the National Day Nurseries Association argues that We are receiving clear signals about the positives of the EYFS and recommend that the Government focuses on refining and improving the EYFS rather than introducing radical change.

Rutherford B. Hayes Essays -- essays research papers

Rutherford B. Hayes (19th president)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rutherford Bichard Hayes was not a well know president. He was not president that had the opportunity to lead us through a war. He was not a president that would draw much attention to the public eye. He was however one of the presidents that had a great triumph over a major U.S. problem, economics and civil rights following a war. The United States was just coming out of the Civil War and was in need of a new president. They were in need of one that could lead them into a booming economic system, start the process of paying off the national debt, and show them the benefits of a nation-wide unification of the North and the South.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On October 4th 1822, Sophie Bichard Hayes gave birth to Rutherford Bichard Hayes. His father Rutherford Hayes passed away two months prior to Rutherford Jr. being born. Along with his 4 other siblings, Rutherford was raised in Ohio by his mother for most of his life. Rutherford went to school in Norwalk, Ohio and Middletown, Connecticut. In 1842 he graduated from Kenyon College, in Gambier, Ohio, valedictorian of his class. After a year of study in a Columbus law office, he entered Harvard Law School and received his degree in 1845. Hayes began his practice in a small town called Lower Sandusky. Not finding many opportunities here, he left for Cincinnati in 1849 where he became a successful lawyer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1952, Hayes married L...

Ibm Case

IBM CASE STUDY – DECADE OF TRANSFORMATION The IBM's rise to the top and its abrupt fall followed by its decade of transformation, boldly highlights the importance of a solid strategy IBM was the synonym for greatness and profitability during early 1990's but the lack of company's ability to foresee into the future & its internal issues cost the company bigtime. It registered its first loss during 1991 mainly due to its inability to adopt to the customer centric PC industry.Phase 1: Incremental Improvement After registering his first loss, in order to cope up with its large fixed & warranty costs the company had no option but to cut back the employees perks & worse made forced layoffs. Eventhough there were products and process before hand they were not fully exploited. By 1993 about 40,000 employees were terminated Phase 2: Process Reengineering Change in management took place during 1993, Lou Gerstner was appointed as the new CEO. He immediately began the Phase 2 ‘Proce ss Re-engineering'.He realized rather than break up the company he decided to turn it around by going to market as ‘One IBM' – a centralized model where individual divisions pulled into as larger business groups . By 1994 the 155 data centers were trimmed to 3 regional megacenters fed by 11 server farms . The systems development process was also reengineered thus enabling the company to focus intensely. The results were positive,by the end of year 1994 the company registered a profit of 5 billion USD on revenue of 64 billion USD.Gerstner strongly believed in Putting customer first. He made sure that Individual sales group was formed and spearheaded by experienced managers dedicated for supporting the customers Phase 3: Emerging Opportunity Gerstner soon realised that eventhough the company could be recovered from its current state, it may not gain its supremacy as Tech Giant,with its current Business model. He started to focus on ‘Emerging Opportunity' provided by the Internet. By 1995 he decided that the company would focus on e-business.E-business was projected as IBM's strategy vision . Enormous capital were invested in Internet Products and services & many aquistions were done,which helped the company to shift from software applications to middleware. The two major acquistions were Tivoli btought for 700 million USD and Lotus for 3. 5 billion USD Phase 4: Business Transformation By end of 1999 with its current business IBM's innovation process continued to be focused within silos of existing line.Gerstner wanted to change this and the concept of ‘Horizon' was developed where the current and emerging business opportunities was classified among three Horizons H1 – Mature Business H2 – Rapidly growing business H3 – Emerging business Each Horizon had different organizational and leadership model to cater its different needs. Reasons for failure IBM ignored its commitment to customers to provide efficient high quali ty technical and customer support,moreover they tried to compete in every product category which eventually made them as Jack of all trades and master of none.

10 Famous Murder Cases in Recent American History

A Parent s Refusal And The Decision Making Process

A Parent’s Refusal to Vaccinate By Michelle Whitley The word vaccinate tends to bring up controversy among parents in today’s society. For most parents vaccinating is a medical necessity when you are raising a child. Then there are a small percentage of parents who believe that vaccines are dangerous and refuse to have their children vaccinated. Why is that you might ask? There are many reasons a parent may decide not to vaccinate their children. It is not hard to find bad information on vaccines and their safety with the use of today’s technology. The internet is full of anti-vaccine websites along with all of the media attention to false claims about vaccine safety. The use of social media where parents post their â€Å"vaccine†¦show more content†¦By the age of 6 years a child will have received 49 doses of 14 vaccines and by the age of 18 years they will have received 69 doses of 16 vaccines as pointed out by National Vaccine information center. According to analyzed data from the 20 06 and 2013 American Academy of Pediatrics periodic surveys, a proportion of pediatricians encountering parents who refused their children’s vaccines in the last year rose significantly. During the annual meeting of the Pediatric Academic Societies Dr. Catherine Hough-Telford of the department of pediatrics at the University of Alabama at Birmingham reported that the percentage of parent refusals increased from 75% in 2006 to 87% in 2013, which is a 16% increase. Nationally, in 2013 surveys showed that 73% of the parents stated that the leading reason that they refused vaccines were concerns about the safety and believing that they are unnecessary. Many parents believe that the benefits of immunizations do not justify the risks that their children are exposed to. Then you have the risk of the vaccine itself such as pain, fever and the possibility of an allergic reaction. An allergic reaction can be as simple as an itchy rash or as severe as difficulty breathing or cardia c arrest that could lead to a child’s death (very rare). In a parent’s mind why risk their children’s well-being for a non-existent disease that has not been seen in 20-30 years. The

Gender Stereotypes And Gender Codes - 1754 Words

Essay #2 Evolution of Females in Film It is evident that over the course of time, the portrayal and depiction of females in film in regards to their acting roles has evolved. Film significantly influences how society perceive social norms, and gender roles. However, it appears as the roles of females in this platform are often depicted in the following categories: the lover, victims, and the revengeful women/the villain, which can also be known as the femme fatale character. These common roles that women actresses portray often re-emphasize stereotypes and gender codes in today’s American society by providing females with roles that often illustrate females as inferior to males. In this analysis, I will talk about how gender codes are†¦show more content†¦Kay wanted to be independent and was a teacher and she wanted to keep working and still be independent ,but it turned out to be the complete opposite of that. Kay was constantly being lied to by Michael. As Aaron Devor says in Gender Roles and behaviors â€Å"hence its popularity believed that the social position of females is biologically mandated to be intertwined with the care of children and a ‘natural’ dependency on men† (Devor 506). Kay was beside Michael as he traveled through his journey of crime. As Devor said women were dependent on their significant other, Kay’s character did not have autonomy over the life she was living anymore, eventually when they got married and had children she remained in her relationship mainly to protect and care for her children. Kay was being pushed out from being in control of her life and turned into living Michael s life of crime. Hence, the gender codes reflected in film at the time for females reflected the societal values of women caring for family, and being obedient, dependent and complaisant. The femme fatale role has been represented in film as an attractive and seductive female, that uses her physical attributes and charm to infatuate and enchant men and ultimately brings disaster to the life of the men who fall in love with her. This depiction of females, is a unique way of representing females given that the role breaks away from the initialShow MoreRelatedMedia, Youth And Culture : Application Of Theory1664 Words   |  7 PagesMedia, Youth and Culture Application of Theory to Culture Discuss the ways in which gender identities are constructed and expressed through media and popular cultures? This essay will address the way in which gender identities are constructed and expressed through media and popular cultures using Hebdige’s theory; Symbolic Interaction. Both gender identities will test the typical affiliated gender stereotype; which are created by social interactions – what a person sees and interprets in theirRead MoreThe Complete Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi1017 Words   |  5 PagesPersepolis† by Marjane Satrapi, and a culture storyline, â€Å"Code White† by Debra Anderson. Starting with â€Å"The Complete Persepolis† the book is about Satrapi’s experience as she transitions from a young woman into adulthood in Rasht, Iran and Vienna, Australia during and after the Islamic and culture revolution between the periods of 1979-1995. The first published in France, in French language in 2000, and English version 2003 in New York. As for â€Å"Code White† it’s a fiction cultural narrative about a QueerRead MoreMo dern Day American Society By Aaron Devor s Bros Before Hos : The Guy Code ``1635 Words   |  7 Pages yet it is the root of all gender relations. The widely accepted notion that men naturally evolved to become the superior sex is a myth. Aaron Devor’s â€Å"Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender,† and Michael Kimmel’s â€Å"Bros Before Hos: The Guy Code,† both argue that the gender hierarchy America has been built upon is the product of socialization. Devor s essay, written more like a research paper, focuses on explaining the origins of the gender myth through well-researchedRead MoreGender Inequality911 Words   |  4 Pagesits relevance; gender inequality. In other words to be considered, the various accounts of inequities women are faced with in relation to men. Visible in everyday aspects; home life, and especially that of the workplace. Though there are those who believe gender to have no significance to an individua l’s power, this demonstrates otherwise. Women are faced with numerous hindrances in comparison to men, as a result of the femme stereotype that has developed across time. The gender inequality issueRead MoreGender Roles Essay686 Words   |  3 PagesThe â€Å"long held stereotype of the typical family† has become a thing in the past. More and more do we see both men and women seeking work outside of the home in order to provide a stable household? In today’s society, a woman who stays home is often considered as lazy or useless, which is far from true according to the long held stereotype. Although men and women have had a history of pushing boundaries and breaking free of their specific gender roles in the past, our people as a whole haven’t learnedRead MoreWhy Men And Women Want For A Short Period Of Time867 Words   |  4 PagesThe phenomenon I am studying is what men and women want in a significant other. Relationships are an important factor in happiness for people overall but I wanted to see if there was anything one gender was specific on more than the other. I researched personal advertisements to understand what eac h gender is looking for and how they describe themselves online. My hypothesis for this project is men will be more willing to find someone for a short period of time whereas the women will be looking forRead MoreDiscrimination Based On Gender Discrimination973 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially discrimination based on gender, should be looked at through Deontology. This is because discrimination based on gender affects the rights of many, requires duties of other to not discriminate and have respect for others, and can have large consequences. It is important we look at rights, duties, and consequences rather than only evaluate gender discrimination based on its consequences in order to be able to create a way to virtuously handle gender. While gender discrimination can affect menRead MoreWhy Codes Claim Is True824 Words   |  4 PagesAlyssa Spano Professor Victor Intro to Philosophy 1100-18 Final Philosophy Paper 16 December 2014 Why Codes Claim Is True For years in our society there has been a lot of controversy over the differences in men and women. Are they equal? What exactly are the real differences? Do these differences affect what each gender is capable of doing in their everyday lives? A philosopher of the nineteenth century, Wilhem von Humboldt once wrote, A sense of truth exists in (women) quite literally as a sense:Read MorePortrayal Of Gender Stereotypes Of Children s Television Commercials1639 Words   |  7 Pages Portrayal of Gender Stereotypes in Children’s Television Commercials. Liuyi Bian University of Florida Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in gender portrayal in children’s television commercials. The hypothesis that stated, if an observed television program is determined to be intended for girls, then the colors used in the commercials would be predominantly intended for girls, is strongly supported. To do content analysis, we first gathered a sampleRead MoreThe Female Model Of The Male Model972 Words   |  4 Pagescontrol because he handles the horse reins with a firm, tight grip while the female model’s hand is shown as controlled by her environment. Goffman described male hands as â€Å"firm and bold†, molding to the items they hold as if having control (Jhally Codes of Gender). The strong, firm grip of the male’s left hand on the horse reins suggests that the male model is in control of the horse; the horse depicts obedience to the male because the male model controls all the power. Another aspect of the male’s dominance

Essay Communication and Thought

Question: Write an essay on "Communication and Thought". Answer: Introduction Excellent communication skills are the gateway to success in professional as well as personal life of an individual. If a message is not communicated effectively, it can turn into a misunderstanding, which can prove to be disastrous for the sender of the message as well as the one who is receiving it (Hasson 2015). Effective communication is when we deliver our messages to the person or group intended as clearly and articulately as we can through interpersonal communication skills like skills like listening, feedback and questioning. We can consider the process of communication a successful one, only when there is no dispute regarding the understanding of the message between the sender and receiver of the message. If an individual is unable to communicate properly, he is bound to face issues in his professional as well as personal life. The importance of good communication skills is of utmost importance irrespective of the discipline or field an individual is involved in. Effective communication skills are specifically required in the field of accountancy. This is due to the portfolio of tasks that an accountant is responsible for carrying out like sending emails, drafting letters, preparation of interpretations, footnotes, and reports. The accountants of a company are also expected to coordinate activities with the creditors, debtors, banks, clients and other associations. Hence, it is crucial for the people hailing from the field of accountancy, to have extraordinary interpersonal communication skills to exceed in their profession(Chaterjee 2013). There is a preconceived notion among a section of the people who are of the opinion that communication skills are not that significant for an accountant since he only deals with number all day. This does not hold true because the profession of accounting requires looking beyond the periphery of numbers, sending and receiving information to and from his clients and associates. There are situations when the accounting professionals have to communicate about the outcomes and transformations related to the statements of finance, or when they need to produce various forms of interpretations and notes to their clients. Therefore, this requires effective interpersonal communication skills like listening, feedback and questioning on the part of the accounting professional, failing which will lead to a bad impression on his colleagues as well as his superiors(Sutton et al. 2012). Listening is often mistaken for a simple task because of its passive nature, but it requires more than just the capability to take in the message coming from another person (Brownwell 2015). Listening to a message will do no good unless the receiver of the message understands it. If there is any ambiguity related to the understanding of the message, it will not result in an articulate feedback from the receiver. If an accounting professional listens to his clients properly, he will be able to carry out his responsibility pertaining to making of reports, interpretations, and ledgers. Even a small mistake on the part of the accounting professional can lead to huge complications, which can impede with the companys operations and result in a bad reputation. It is of utmost significance for the accounting professionals to be active listeners, as they need to understand the issues and briefs given by the management, its clients, banks and various other associates(Hasson 2015). As the profession technically deals with numbers, any misinterpretations pertaining to the briefs given by the people who deal with the accountants professionally can have adverse effects on the overall functioning of the business. Questioning is also a part of the interpersonal communication skills. It is the key to gain knowledge, solving ambiguities and misunderstandings and carving out solutions to problems in a business organization (Sullins et al. 2015).Questioning does not simply mean making queries. The right questions need to be asked for an effective communication process. The accounting professional requires mastering the art of asking effective questions so that there are no misunderstandings and misinterpretations regarding his work. He will be able to gather more information and new knowledge and will be capable enough to deliver his responsibilities successfully. The accounting professionals are liable to banks, clients, investors and various other associates for the financial statements that they prepare. If there is any confusion regarding the instructions given by them to the accounting professional, he might not be able to prepare accurate reports and statements. Thus, he needs to be open about any perplexity relating to the task that is given to him. This will enable him to clear out any confusion and the deliverance of his job in a smooth and efficient manner. If an accountancy professional asks intelligent questions to his clients, it will create a responsible image in their minds( Hassall et al. 2015). For, they will perceive him as a person who knows what is to be done and is interested and careful towards his work. An accountant with a complacent attitude will not be interested in asking questions contrary to a serious one who will not tolerate any inaccuracy in his reports, statements, and interpretations. One-way communication is redundant and of no use at all. Lack of feedback implies that the sender of the message was not able to frame the message in a comprehensible way for the listener to understand. It is important to be aware of the attitude and the social background of the receiver to communicate effectively. There is a huge need for feedback for the smooth functioning of any business organization. The accountants in a company need to give their feedback pertaining to anything related to their job so that the management takes their decisions accordingly. For this, the feedback by the accountants should make sense and be understood by the management. Otherwise, the whole process can prove to be futile. The investors often want to know from the accounting professionals, how a business is doing financially, in which areas it is performing well and where are the probable loopholes. The accountancy professionals need to give them the adequate feedback for their queries so that they are contended about their money being in the right hands( Chandrasekaran 2013). The accounting professional needs to come out clear in cases of confusion regarding the payment of taxes, and other financial requirements. He must provide proper feed back to his clients, associates and superiors, which include the government, bank, customers, investors, and shareholders(Eswaran and gastpar 2013). The communication pertaining to finance should be done face to face or through written documents as conversations over the phone can often lead to misinterpretations and confusion. The feedback provided by the accounting professionals should be comprehensible and articulate enough for the clients and other associates to understand. Conclusion Communication is critical to the success of any business organization. Any activity that takes place in a work place is the result of communication. Therefore, suitable interpersonal communication skills is a must for any individual aspiring to touch the heights of success in his professional life. Accountancy deals with numbers and numbers can be perplexing. Thus, it is imperative for the accounting professionals to effectively communicate with the people who are professionally involved with him so that there are no complications regarding the deliverance of his job. An accounting professional who is serious towards his work will clear out all the confusion that might appear in the course of his job through effective interpersonal communication skills like listening, feedback and questioning. References Brownell, J., 2015.Listening: Attitudes, principles, and skills. Routledge. Chandrasekaran, N., Czerwinski, M.P., Hartzler, A.L., Patel, R.A., Pratt, W.M. and Roseway, A.J., 2013.Providing Feedback Pertaining to Communication Style. U.S. Patent Application 13/803,164. Chatterjee, R.B. and Subramanian, K. eds., 2013.Excellence in business communication. Pearson. Cheruvelil, K.S., Soranno, P.A., Weathers, K.C., Hanson, P.C., Goring, S.J., Filstrup, C.T. and Read, E.K., 2014. Creating and maintaining high performing collaborative research teams: the importance of diversity and interpersonal skills.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,12(1), pp.31-38. DeKay, S.H., 2012. Interpersonal Communication in the Workplace: A Largely Unexplored Region.Business Communication Quarterly,75(4), pp.449-452. DeVito, J.A., 2013. Interpersonal Communication Book, The, 13/E. Eswaran, K. and Gastpar, M., 2013. Feedback Communication and Control Over a Single Channel.Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on,59(10), pp.6243-6257. Hassall, T., Arquero, J.L., Joyce, J. and Gonzalez, J.M., 2013. Communication apprehension and communication self-efficacy in accounting students.Asian Review of Accounting,21(2), pp.160-175. Hasson, G., 2015.Brilliant Communication Skills. Pearson Education. Lindahl, K. and Schnapper, A., 2014.Practicing the sacred art of listening. Readhowyouwant Com Limited. Sullins, J., McNamara, D., Acuff, S., Neely, D., Hildebrand, E., Stewart, G. and Hu, X., 2015. Are you asking the right questions. InAAAI Press. Sutton, R.M., Hornsey, M.J. and Douglas, K.M., 2012.Feedback: The communication of praise, criticism and advice. Peter Lang.